哈工大考博英语真题含答案1.docx

哈工大考博英语真题含答案1.docx

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哈工大考博英语真题含答案1

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajor

Ph.D.program

（HarbinInstituteofTechnology）

PassageOne

Questions1—8arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930,overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,wherethepreponderanceoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocated,andmigratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequentlyassumed,butnotproved,thatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:

thecollapseofthecottonindustryfollowingthebollweevilinfestation,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackground,abackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.

ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforce,reportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits,”thefederalcensuscategoryencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomove,butanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.

Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmiths,masons,carpenters—whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintrades,buttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,mechanization,andobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,andrailroads.WagesintheSouth,however,werelow,andBlackworkerswereaware,throughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpress,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.Afterthebollweevilinfestation,urbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkers,whoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialfobs.Thus,amovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.

1.Theauthorindicatesexplicitlythatwhichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation?

（A）UnitedStatesImmigrationServicereportsfrom1914to1930.

（B）Payrollsofsouthernmanufacturingfirmsbetween1910and1930.

（C）Thevolumeofcottonexportsbetween1898and1910.

（D）Thefederalcensusof1910.

2.Inthepassage,theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowingasapossibleobjectiontoherargument?

ItisuncertainhowmanypeopleactuallymigratedduringtheGreatMigration.

TheeventualeconomicstatusoftheGreatMigrationmigrantshasnotbeenadequatelytraced.

Itisnotlikelythatpeoplewithsteadjobswouldhavereasontomovetoanotherareaofthecountry.

Itisnottruethattheterm“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”actuallyencompassestheentireindustrialsector.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910?

（A）Theywerebeingpushedlowerasaresultofincreasedcompetition.

（B）Theyhadbeguntorisesothatsouthernindustrycouldattractruralworkers.

（C）Theyhadincreasedforskilledworkersbutdecreasedforunskilledworkers.

（D）Theyhadincreasedinlargesoutherncitiesbutdecreasedinsmallsoutherncities.

4.TheauthorciteseachofthefollowingaspossibleinfluencesinaBlackworker’sdecisiontomigratenorthintheGreatMigrationEXCEPT_________.

（A）wagelevelsinnortherncities

（B）laborrecruiters

（C）competitionfromruralworkers

（D）votingrightsinnorthernstates

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“easyconclusion”mentionedinline16ofthelastparagraphisbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

（A）Peoplewhomigratefromruralareastolargecitiesusuallydosoforeconomicreasons.

（B）Mostpeoplewholeaveruralareastotakejobsincitiesreturntoruralareasassoonasitis

financiallypossibleforthemtodoso.

（C）Peoplewithruralbackgroundsarelesslikelytosucceedeconomicallyincitiesthanarethose

withurbanbackgrounds.

（D）Mostpeoplewhowereonceskilledworkersarenotwillingtoworkasunskilledworkers.

6.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

Supportanalternativetoanacceptedmethodology

Presentevidencethatresolvesacontradiction

Introducearecentlydiscoveredsourceofinformation

Challengeawidelyacceptedexplanation

7.Accordingtoinformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingisacorrectsequenceofgroupsofworkers,fromhighestpaidtolowestpaid,intheperiodbetween1910and1930?

ArtisansintheNorth;artisansintheSough;unskilledworkersintheNorth;unskilledworkersinthesouth.

ArtisansintheNorthandSouth;unskilledworkersintheNorth;unskilledworkersintheSouth.

ArtisansintheNorth;unskilledworkersintheNorth;artisansintheSouth.

ArtisansintheNorthandSouth;unskilledurbanworkersintheNorth;unskilledruralworkersintheSouth.

8.Thematerialinthepassagewouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics?

ThereasonsforthesubsequenteconomicdifficultiesofthosewhoparticipatedintheGreatMigration.

TheeffectofmigrationontheregionaleconomiesoftheUnitedStatesfollowingtheFirstWorldWar.

ThetransitionfromaruraltoanurbanexistenceforthosewhomigratedintheGreatMigration.

ThetransformationoftheagriculturalSouthfollowingthebollweevilinfestation.

PassageTwo

Question9—17arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Priorto1975,unioneffortstoorganizepublic-sectorclericalworker,mostofwhomarewomen,weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers,partwasalsoaconsideration,butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction,themultioccupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers’initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970’s,adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen,however,thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980,thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent,whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular,theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers?

First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently,theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also,thewomen’smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenoftheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworker,however,identifiestheprimarycatalyst—thestructuralchangeinthemultioccupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.Overthepasttwentyyears,theoccupationaldistributionintheseunionshasbeensteadilyshiftingfrompredominantlyblue-collartopredominantlywhite-collar.Becausetherearefarmorewomeninwhite-collarjobs,anincreaseintheproportionoffemalemembershasaccompaniedtheoccupationalshiftandhasalteredunionpolicy-makinginfavoroforganizingwomenandaddressingwomen’sissues.

9.Accordingtothepassage,thepublic-sectorworkerswhoweremostlikelytobelongtounionsin1977were______.

（A）professionals

（B）managers

（C）clericalworkers

（D）serviceworkers

10.Theauthorcitesunioneffortstoachieveafullyunionizedworkforce（line11—15）inordertoaccountforwhy______.

（A）politiciansmighttrytoopposepublic-sectorunionorganizing

（B）public-