广州中医药大学博士口语试题及答案Word版.docx

广州中医药大学博士口语试题及答案Word版.docx

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广州中医药大学博士口语试题及答案Word版

QuestionsforPhDstudents（2014）

1.Shouldacountrygivefreemedicalcaretoitscitizens?

1．Agovernmentshouldprovidemedicalcareforfreebecauseitistherightforallindividuals.Everyonehastherighttolive,toreceivehelptosurvive.Imaginethepoorpeoplecan’taffordevenfortheirfoodanddailyneed,whatwilltheyabletodosavetheirlifewhenfacingdisease.Evensuchsmalldiseaseslikecoldandcoughmaketheirlifeharder,whathappenswhencancerorsomeotherseriousdiseasesoccur?

Tosolvethatproblem,governmentistheanswer.Somepeoplesaycitizenshouldtaketheirresponsibilitynottoleavethegovernmentwithmorepressureanddifficulty.Iremindthemthatcitizenpaytaxestopaygovernmentworkandspendmoneyfortheirhealthinsurance,theyareobligedtogethelpthroughthehardtime.Thegovernment’sresponsibilityistoitspeople-theireducation,theirsafety,especiallytheirhealth.

2.Whyisitimportanttofollowproperprocedureswhenperformingamedicalexperimentorexamination?

2.Beforebeginninganymedicalexperimentorexaminationinalab,themostimportantthingistofollowproperprocedures.Followingproperproceduresusuallyhasmanybenefitssuchasfollowing.Firstofall,itprotectsourpersonalsafetyagainstbeingthreated,suchasnotbeinginfectedornotsufferingfromskinirritation.What’more,followingtheproperproceduresalwaysleadtoaclearandaccuracyexperimentalresultthannot.Lastbutnotleast,almosteachofexperimentsshouldpassthoughtheethicalreviewespeciallystudiesinhuman,whichbecomesacommonstepmustbefollowedintheproceduresnowadays.Notfollowingproperproceduresmaycausemanydamageevencan’tberecognizedimmediately.Firstly,thosewhodonotfollowproperproceduresusuallyhavemorechancestobeexposedindangerofcontactexplosivesubstanceorirritation.Someinjurieswereimmediatelyappeared,however,someonlyshowedupaslateasmanyyearswent.Then,withoutfollowingproperprocedures,theexperimentalresultsusuallycan’tbeidentifiedascomingfromtheexperimentortheerrorimpacts.Finally,suchexperimentsthatwithoutpassingethicalcommitteeusuallycauseseveremedicaldisputes.Allinall,itissoimportanttofollowingproperprocedureswhenperformingthemedicalexperimentorexamination.

3.Whyarepeoplegivenvaccinations?

Howdovaccinationswork?

3.Itisthesafestandmosteffectivewayofgivingprotectionagainstmanydiseases.Aftergivenvaccination,peoplearefarlesslikelytocatchdiseasesiftherearemanycasesaroundthem.Thebenefitsofprotectionagainstdiseasesfaroutweightheverysmallrisksofvaccinations.Ifenoughpeopleinthecommunityaregivenvaccinations,theinfectioncannolongerbespreadfrompersontopersonandthediseasediesoutaltogether.Whenapersonisvaccinated,theirbodyproducesanimmuneresponseinthesamewaytheirbodywouldafterexposuretoadisease,butwithoutthepersonsufferingsymptomsofthedisease.Whenapersoncomesincontactwiththatdiseaseinthefuture,theirimmunesystemwillrespondfastenoughtopreventthepersondevelopingthedisease.

4.Pleasedescribesometypesofpollutionandhowtheyaffectthebody.

4.Airpollutionismostlycausedbyindustriesthatemitgasessuchascarbonmonoxideandsulphurdioxide.Darksmokefromenginesandvehiclesalsoexacerbateouratmosphere’salreadyworseningcondition.Iftheairaroundusgetsconta

minated,theeffectcanbedevastating.Intheshorttime,itcanresulttoupperrespiratoryailmentinhumanslikebronchitisandpneumonia.Italsoaggravatestheconditionofthosewhoarealreadysufferingfromasthmaandemphysema.

Waterpollutionincreaseswhentheindustrialwasteisbeingthrowninriversofseas.itcanleadtosomeharmfulhealthhazardslikeheartdisease.Inworstcases,evendamagetovitalorganslikethebrain,liver,kidney,andnerves.

5.WhataresomedifferencesbetweenWesternmedicineandTraditionalChinesemedicine?

5.TCMandwesternmedicine,thetwosystemsdifferinmanyways.Iwillgivethreeexamples.First,thedefinitionofhealth:

westernmedicinefrequentlyattributessicknesstotheintrusionofaforeignelementsuchasbacteria,viruses,orcancercells,whileTCMoftenviewsillnessanimbalancebetweenthevariousbodilysystems.Second,themethodology,westernmedicinepridesitselfonusingscientificmethodology.Ittakesprecisemeasurements,performscarefullycontrolledexperiments,andusesclinicaltrials.Incontrast,TCMislargelyevidence-based.Itwasfoundedonpre-scientifictheoriesofcauseandeffect,andisdeeplyrootedintheOrientalnotionofopposites:

theyinandyang.Thelastisthediagnosisofdisease,amongthesignificantdifferencesintwosystemsisthemethodofassessingillness.Westerndoctorsexaminebodilyfluidsandtissues,andtheyusehigh-techinstrumentssuchasX-raysandCATscanstoproduceprecisevisualmapsoftheinternalorgans.TCMassessesillnesswithaltogetherdifferentkindsofmeasurements,namely“looking”,”listeningandsmelling”,“asking”and“touching”.

6.Doyoubelievemusiccanhavehealingeffectsonpatients?

Ifyes,whattypeofeffectscanithave?

6.Ibelievethatmusiccanhavehealingeffectsonpatients.MusicTherapyisanestablishedhealthcareprofessionthatusesmusictoaddressphysical,emotionalandsocialneedsofindividualsofallages.Manyresearcheshaveshownthatmusichasaprofoundeffectonourbodyandpsyche.MusicTherapistusemusictoworkonpromotingwellness,managingstress,alleviatingpain,enhancingmemory,improvingcommunication,promotingphysicalrehabilitation.Thosewhopracticemusictherapyarefindingabenefitinusingmusictohelpcancerpatients,childrenwithADD,andothers.Evensomehospitalsarebeginningtousemusicandmusictherapytohelpwithpainmanagement,tohelpwardoffdepression,topromotemovement,tocalmpatients,toeasemuscletension,andformanyotherbenefitsthatmusicandmusictherapycanbring.

7.Doyouthinkancientdoctorsandphilosophersunderstandnatureandmanbetterthanmoderndoctorsandphilosophers?

7.Tomostpeople,moderndoctorsandphilosophersareknownasscientistsmorewidelyacceptedandformsthestreamtowardnatureandman.WhileIhaveutmostrespectfortheadvancementmoderndoctorsandphilosophershavemadeuntiltoday,Ihavecomeacrossenoughcasesthatmakesmeconvincedthatancientdoctorsandphilosophersisthesuperiorchoicetomoderndoctorsandphilosopherswhenitcomestounderstandnatureandman.Fistofall,ancientdoctorsandphilosophersaddressedthequestionofhowhumanbeingsshouldsecurethe‘goodlife’andhowto‘livewell’,thatis,thecapacitytoliveaswellasonemayinwaysthatareappropriateforrationalandconscientiousbeings.What’smore,”philosophy”fortheancientsencompassedawiderrangeofintellectualactivitiesandapproachesthanthosenowadays.Lastbutnotleast,moderndoctorsandphilosophersdon’tseemtohavesuchabilityabove,mostofthemaremorelikelytorelyoninstrumentexamination.Allinall,ancientdoctorsandphilosophersunderstandnatureandmanbetterthanmoderndoctorsandphilosophers.

8.Howmanyhoursshouldapersonsleeponaverageeverynight?

Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?

8.Apersonfunctionsbestshouldsleep7-8hoursonaverageeverynight.Andthesleeprequirementisrelevanttoperson’sage.Inotherwords,itisimportanttoconsiderhowmuchsleepyouneedonanindividualbasis,andthisvariesbaseduponmanyfactorssuchasthequalityofsleepobtained,stateofgeneralhealth,levelsofstress,orfatigueduetoprolongedexertion.However,arecentresearchstudyfoundthatsleepinglessthan6hoursormorethan9hoursadayhadanincreasedincidenceofdiabetes,comparedtothosewhoslept7-8hours.Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?

Westernmedicinesuggestsearlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy.Therearenumerousreasonsforthatsaying,suchasgoingtosleepearlyisveryimportantfortheliver’shealth,isgoodforourantibodysystem.However,traditionalChinesemedicineemphasizethatthetimetogotosleepandriseshouldbeadjustedtofollowthechangeofdifferentseasons.Forexample,peopleshouldgotosleepearlyintheeveningandriselateinthemorninginwinterinordertostoreenergyinourphysicalbody.

9.Whatorgansareaffectedbysmokingandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?

9.Theeffectsofsmokingareserious.Itcanharmnearlyeveryorganofbody.Thechemicalintobaccosmokeharmourbloodcellsanddamagethefunctionofourheart.Thisdamageincreasesourriskforatherosclerosis,coronaryheartdisease（CHD）,heartattack,stroke.Cigarettecoulddamageourbreathingandscarsourlungs.Smokingcauses:

chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease（COPD）,emphysema,chronicbronchitis,pneumonia.Smokingisasbadforoureyes.Researchhaslinkedsmokingtoanincreasedriskofdevelopingage-relatedmaculardegeneration,cataractandopticnervedamage,allofwhichcanleadtoblindness.Smokingisoneofmanyfactorsthatincreaseourriskforosteoporosis.Smokingcigaretteisthenumberoneriskfactorforlungcancer,andisknowntocause:

bladdercancer,bloodandbonemarrowcancer,cervicalcancer,kidneyandureteralcancers,esophagealcancer,laryngealcancer,trachealcancer,mouth,nose,andthroatcancer,stomachcancer,pancreaticcancerandsoon.

10.Whatorgansareaffectedbydrinkingalcoholandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?

10.Thealcoholcanharmnearlyeveryorganofthebodysuchasbrain,heart,liver,pancreas,stomach,andsoon.A