I2oT Advanced Direction of the Internet of Things.docx

I2oT Advanced Direction of the Internet of Things.docx

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I2oTAdvancedDirectionoftheInternetofThings

I2oTAdvancedDirectionoftheInternetofThings

　　Abstract

　　TheInternetofThings（IoT）isstillinitsinfancybecauseofthelimitedcapabilityofitsembeddedprocessor.Inthemeantime，researchonartificialintelligence（AI）hasmadeplentyofprogress.TheapplicationofAItoIoTwillsignificantlyincreasethecapabilitiesofIoT，andthiswillbenefitbotheconomicandsocialdevelopment.Inthispaper，theelementaryconceptsandkeytechnologiesofAIareexplained，andthemodelandprincipleofintelligentIoT，denotedI2oT，resultingfromtheintegrationofAIandIoTarediscussed.I2oTwillbethemostpromisingversionofIoT.Finally，recommendationsforfurtherstudyandstandardizationofI2oTaremade.

　　Keywords

　　InternetofThings；artificialintelligence；knowledgeproducing；strategyformulation；intelligentinternetofthings

　　T1Introduction

　　herearetwomainmotivationsforexpandingtheInternettotheInternetofThings（IoT）.Thefirstmotivationistoexpandtheamountofinformationsharedbydatabasesandobjectsintherealworld.Thesecondmotivationistoenableusersnotonlytoshareinformationbutalsocontrolobjectsintherealworld.ThesemakeIoTmuchmoreattractiveinsociety.Inotherwords，IoTisagoodadvancementoftheconventionalInternet.

　　Intermsoftechnologicaldevelopment，however，IoTisstillinitsinfancyandcanbegreatlyimprovedbyendowingIoTfunctionswithmuchmoreintelligence[1].Significantprogresshasbeenmadeinartificialintelligence（AI）overthepastdecade.AllAItechnologiesneededtomakeIoTmoreintelligentandevolveintoI2oTarenowfeasible.ThemainconcernatthemomentishowtounderstandandeffectivelyapplyAItechnologiestocurrentIoTsystems.

　　2ABriefDescriptionofIoT

　　ThepurposeofIoTistoexpandthefunctionsofexistingInternetandmakeitmoreuseful.WithIoT，userscansharenotonlyinformationprovidedbyhumansandcontainedindatabasesbutalsoinformationprovidedbythingsinphysicalworld.ThesimplifiedfunctionalmodelofIoTisshowninFig.1.

　　AsinFig.1，IoThassensors，foracquiringinformationaboutthestateofthings；anembeddedprocessor，forproducingordersthatregulatethestateofthings；wirelesstechnology，fortransferringinformationfromsensorstoInternetandInternettocontroller；andcontrolunit，forexecutinghumanordersregulatingthestateofthings.

　　TakeIoTformaintainingroomtemperatureforexample.Astandardroomtemperatureisdesignatedinadvance，andtheactualroomtemperatureisacquiredbythesensor（s）andtransferredviawirelesstoInternet.Afterreceivingtheactualroomtemperature，theembeddedprocessorcomparesitwiththedesignatedvalueandgeneratesanordertoregulatetheroomtemperatureandkeepitwithinacertainrange.ThisorderisimmediatelysenttothecontrolunitviatheInternetandwirelessunitandisexecutedbytheactuatorofthecontrolunit.　　Ifinformationaboutthestateofthethingconcernedcanbeacquiredbysensorsandcontrolledbyactuators，andifthefunctionperformedbytheembeddedprocessorisnottoocomplicated，theIoTtechnologyisfeasible.

　　IfphysicalthingsandtheirenvironmentinIoTbecomecomplex，thefunctionsoftherequiredembeddedprocessorsalsobecomecomplex，andconventionaltechnologiesofthecurrentIoTwillnolongerbesatisfactory.

　　Unfortunately，problemswithcomplexfactorsareveryoftenimportanttoeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Atypicalexampleisairpollutionoveralargearea.Anothertypicalexampleisglobalwarming.Peoplewanttoknowinformationabouttheairqualityandweatherconditionsandcontrolthemincertainways.Therefore，efficientlydealingwithcomplexproblemsisanunavoidableresponsibilityofscientists.

　　Themostpromisingapproachtohandlingsuchcomplexproblemsisartificialintelligent.Thereasonforthisproposalisthefactthatcentralneedforsolvingcomplexproblemsisthelearningability.

　　3FundamentalConceptsandPrinciplesof

　　ArtificialIntelligence

　　Inanarrowsense，AIhastraditionallyimpliedthesimulationoflogicalhumanthinkingusingcomputertechnology.Withinthisframework，thefieldsofartificialneuralnetworks（ANNs）[2]-[4]andsensor?

motorsystems（SMSs）[5]-[7]wereconsideredextraneous，eventhoughbothfieldshavebeenconcernedwithsimulatingthefunctionsofthehumanbrain.ANNandSMShadtoformanewdisciplinecalledcomputationalintelligence（CI）.ComputationalintelligencehasbecometheotherapproachtoAI.ItismorereasonableforthetermAItoencompassbothAIinnarrowsenseandCI.Inthecontemporarysense，AIisnowre?

termedunifiedAI[8]-[9].

　　Inthispaper，AImeansunifiedAI，ageneraltermrepresentingthetheoryandtechnologyrelatedtosimulatingintellectualabilitiesofhumanbeing，includingtheabilitytounderstandandsolveproblems.WhatfollowsisabriefexplanationofhowAIcanhandlecomplexproblems[10]-[12].

　　WhatAIsimulatesandoffersisnotanythingelsebutthelearningabilityofhumanbeings，i.e.，learningtounderstandandsolvetheproblem.Therefore，learningisthecentralfeatureinAIandlearning?

technologyisthekeytohandlingproblems.

　　ThesimplestmodelforAIisroughlyabstractedinFig.2.

　　Ontologicalinformation（OI）inFig.2isinformationaboutthestateandpatternofthestatevariancethatarepresentedbytheobjectintheenvironmentoftheoutsideworldandthataretheresourcesandcluesforlearningtounderstandtheproblem.Ontheotherhand，thesubject’sactionorreactionappliedtotheobjectcanbelearntbasedonanunderstandingoftheproblem.　　AmorespecificfunctionalmodelofthetechnologiesinAIisshowninFig.3.InFig.3，AItechnologiesareinterconnectedandinteractwitheachother.

　　3.1CategoriesofAITechnology

　　3.1.1Perception

　　ThistechnologyisusedtoacquiretheOIabouttheobjectorprobleminitsenvironment.ItisalsothetechnologyforconvertingOItoepistemologicalinformation（EI）.

　　Epistemologicalinformationisinformationperceivedbythesubjectaboutthetrinityoftheform（syntacticinformation），content/meaning（semanticinformation），andutility/value（pragmaticinformation）concerningOI.

　　UnlikethetraditionalconceptofinformationproposedbyClaudeShannon，EIcomprisesthetrinityoftheform，content/meaning，andutility/valueandisthebasisoflearning.ThisiswhyEIisalsooftencalledcomprehensiveinformation.

　　TheessentialfunctionofperceptionistoconvertOItoEI.ThisisthefirstclassofinformationconversioninAI.

　　3.1.2Cognition

　　ThemainfunctionofcognitiontechnologyistoconvertEI，whichisperceivedbythesubjectfromOI，intothecorrespondingknowledgeabouttheobject.ThisisthesecondclassofinformationconversionneededinAI.TheonlypossibleapproachtoconvertingEItoknowledgemustbelearning―thereisnootherway.

　　3.1.3Decision?

Making

　　Thetechnologyusedindecision?

makingconvertsEItointelligentstrategy（IS）basedonknowledgesupportandisdirectedbythegoalofproblemsolving.Thestrategyisjusttheproceduralguidanceforproblem?

solving.ThisisthethirdclassofinformationconversioninAI.

　　Theradicalfunctionofdecision?

makingtechnologyislearningtofindtheoptimalsolutionforagivenproblem.ThereareusuallyanumberofwaysofachievingthedesignatedgoalfromastartingpointexpressedbyEI.Adecisionshouldbemadethroughintelligentuse，vialearning，oftherelevantknowledgeprovided.

　　3.1.4Strategy?

Execution

　　ThistechnologyisusedtoconverttheISintointelligentaction（IA）thatwillsolvetheproblem.

　　3.1.5Strategy?

Optimization

　　Becauseofvariousnon?

idealfactorsinallsub?

processesinFig.3，thereareoftenerrorswhenintelligentactionisapplied.Theseerrorsareregardedasnewinformationandarefedbacktotheinputoftheperceptionofthemodel.Withthisnewinformation，theknowledgecanbeimprovedvialearning，andthestrategycanbeoptimized.Suchanoptimizationprocessmightcontinuemanytimesuntiltheerrorissufficientlysmall.　　Insum，alltheAItechnologiesheretomentionedarelearning?

based，andthisiswhyAIispowerful.

　　3.2ImplementationIssuesfortheThreeClassesof

　　InformationConversion

　　PerceptiontechnologycanbeimplementedusingthemodelinFig.4，whichconvertsOItoEI，thetrinityofX，YandZ，andisthefirstclassofinformationconversion.

　　Fig.4showsthattheontologicalinformation（denotedS）isappliedtotheinputoftheperceptionmodelandmappedtothecorrespondingsyntacticinformation（denotedX）.Next，thepragmaticinformation（denotedZ）canberetrievedfromtheknowledgebase，inwhichmanyX?

Zpairs，{X（i），Z（i）}，arestored.WhenXismatchedwithX（i0），thenZ（i0）isregardedasthepragmaticinformationcorrespondingtoX.Incasenomathcanbefound，theequationcanbeusedtofindZ；

　　Z=Cor（X，G）

（1）

　　whereXandGareexpressedasvectors；andCoristhecorrelationoperation.BecauseXandZarenowavailable，thesemanticinformationYcanbeinferredfrom：

　　Y=λ（X，Z）εS

（2）

　　whereSisthespaceofsemanticinformation，andλisthelogicoperationmappingthepairof（X，Z）toYinS.ThismeansthatYisasubsetofSwhenbothXandZaresimultaneouslyvalid.Inotherwords，YisdeterminedbythejointconditionsofXandZ（Fig.5）.

　　Asaresult，OIisconvertedintoEI，whichisthetrinityofX，YandZ，viathemodelinFig.4.Thistechnologyiscompletelyfeasibleinpractice.

　　CognitiontechnologycanbeimplementedusingthemodelinFig.6，with