The study of Sexual Discrimination in English and Chinese Culture.docx

The study of Sexual Discrimination in English and Chinese Culture.docx

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ThestudyofSexualDiscriminationinEnglishandChineseCulture

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ThestudyofSexualDiscriminationinEnglishandChineseCulture

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摘要

语言是现实世界的一面镜子,它反映了现实世界的种种美丑好坏,是当今社会最真实的写照。

因此，社会中的性别歧视也反应在了语言中。

性别歧视是中西方社会中很敏感却很受关注的研究话题，性别歧视主要反应的是社会中男性对女性的歧视，是指社会对女人的不公平对待，这种歧视引来了很多语言学家的关注和研究。

英语和汉语是中西方国家中最典型的语言，语言歧视在中西方语言中都得到了充分的体现，反映了中西方国家对女人的偏见。

本文将从文化的视角下，对比研究中西方国家语言中的构词造字、词的搭配、词的内涵意义、句法标记及谚语俗语等中存在的性别歧视，系统地分析解释英、汉两种语言中的性别歧视现象，并深入探讨文化根源对语言中性别歧视影响，探索造成这种性别歧视的原因并对改善与消除语言中的性别歧视提出一些看法和建议。

本论文将分为五个部分进行行文，第一部分将简单介绍本论文的研究背景，研究目的和研究现状，第二章将描述语言中性别歧视现象在中西方国家中的历史和研究现状，第三章将探讨文化和语言之间的关系以及文化对语言中的性别歧视的影响。

第四章将分别从构词，造句，词的内涵，称谓等方便重点分析英汉语言中的性别歧视歧视现象，第五章将对语言的改革和性别歧视现象提供意见，使中西方女性能够被尊重和被公平对待，实现真正的男女自由平等。

为社会的和谐发展做出贡献。

关键词：

性别歧视；英语和汉语语言；文化

Abstract

Languageisamirroroftherealworld,whichcanreflectsthebeauty,uglinessgoodorbadofthesociety.Itisthetrueportrayaloftoday'ssociety.Therefore,genderdiscriminationinsocietyisalsoreflectedinthelanguage.Genderdiscriminationisverysensitiveandpopularresearchtopicinthewesternworld.Itisthereactionofmalediscriminationagainstwomenandexpressestheunfairtreatmenttowomenwhichattractstheattentionofmanylinguistsandresearchers.EnglishandChineseisthemosttypicallanguageofChinaandwesterncountries,languagediscriminationinChineseandwesternlanguageshavebeenfullyreflectedtheprejudiceagainstwomeninChinaandwesterncountries.Undertheculturebackground,thispaperwillcomparativelystudythelanguagediscriminationbetweenChineseandEnglishbasedontheformationofword,wordcollocation,wordmeaning,salutationandproverbandsoon.ItwillsystematicallyanalysisandexplainthegenderdiscriminationphenomenoninbothEnglishandChineselanguages,andexploretheculturalcausesofsexisminlanguage.Finally,itwillputforwardsomeopinionsandsuggestionstoeliminategenderdiscriminationinlanguage.

Thisarticleisdividedintofiveparts;thefirstpartwillsimplyintroducetheresearchbackground,purposeandsignificanceoftheresearch.ThesecondchapterwilldescribethehistoryoflanguagegenderdiscriminationphenomenoninwesterncountriesandChina,andpresentthecurrentresearchsituation.Inthethirdchapter,thispaperwilldiscusstherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage,andhowthecultureinfluencegenderdiscriminationinlanguage.Thenthemainpartwillfocusonthegenderdiscriminationinwordformation,sentence,theconnotationofword,appellationinEnglishandChinese.Thefinalpartwillputforwardsuggestionstoreformthegenderdiscriminationinlanguageandmakewomantoberespectedandbetreatedfairlytorealizetherealequalitybetweenmenandwomen,whichcancontributetotheharmoniousdevelopmentofsociety.

Keywords:

SexualDiscrimination;EnglishandChineselanguage;Culture

Introduction

1.1theResearchBackground

Sexdiscriminationindicatesaninjusticetoonegrouporitmeanstherearedifferencesabouttwogendergroups.Inthemodernsociety,sexdiscriminationindicatestheinjusticetowoman.Asadiseaseofhumansociety,regardlessoftheeastorwest,genderdiscriminationhasaprofoundculturalorigin.Languagecanreflectsthecultureandreligionofthesociety,soitalsoreflectsthesexdiscriminationinbothEnglishandChinese.

Intheearlysociety,thefamouslinguistJespersonshowsthattherearealotofEnglishnounsrefertothephenomenonofmen.In20centuries,oneofthenewsmediainNewYorkopenstodiscussgenderdiscriminationinEnglishlanguagereform,whichhasattractmanylinguists’attentionandmakespeoplebegintothinkseriouslyabouttheseproblems.Italsoattractschina’sresearchers’interestinthelanguagesexism.

Inthemodernsociety,therearemoreandmorecountriesandpeoplepursuetheequalitybetweenmenandwomentobuildthefree,equalandbeautifulworld,butthediscriminationisrootinthelanguageandnotsoeasilytogetridofit,whichhastakesomeproblemstothereformers.SothispaperwillhavecomparativestudyongenderdiscriminationinEnglishandChineseandfindoutsomewaystoreformit.

1.2TheResearchObjective

Inordertoeliminatethegenderdiscriminationinlanguageandprotectthemodernwomenfromthesexism,themaingoalofthispaperistofindtheeffectivewaytoreformthelanguage.ItwillattempttoexploretheculturerootofthesexismintheEnglishandChinese.Firstly,itwillfigureoutthesexisminbothChineseandEnglishword,sentenceandappellationandanalysisitbasedontheculturefactor.Finally,itwillputforwardsomeeffectivewaystoeliminategenderdiscriminationinChineseandEnglishfromthelinguisticperspectiveaswellastakemeasurestoimprovewomen’ssocialstatus.

1.3LiteratureReview

1.3.2SexismStudiesinEnglish

Westerncountries’studiesonsexisminlanguagehavealongerhistorythanChina.Concernwiththelinguistictreatmentandrepresentationofwomenissaidtobeacharacteristicofthesecondwaveofthewomen'smovementwhichstartedinlate1960sandearly1970s,mainlyinthewestofEnglishspeakingcountries.Feministscholarshipandinvestigationsintothesexisminlanguagestartedinthemid-1970s.

Earlyworksonsexisminlanguageinvolveddocumentingthevariouswaysinwhichlanguagecouldbeunderstoodasbeingsexist（CaseyMiller&KateSwift,1976;Spender.D,1980;Stanley,1978,Schulz.M,1975）.TheyhavepointedoutthattheEnglishlanguageisinherentlysexistbecauseitcarriescertainassumptionsaboutgenderroles.

Sincethe1980sfeminismhasstimulatedfurtherresearchonwomen'swaysofusinglanguageandtheextentofdifferencesbetweenthesexesintheirusesoflanguage.Afeministorientationinlinguistsandlanguageresearchershasalsobeenresponsiblefortheoreticalre-examiningofpreviousfindingsandexplanationsofgenderdifferencesinLanguageuse,forexample,JenniferCoates（1986）&DeborahCameron（1991）.Theemergenceofthecurrentthoughtwithinacademiccircle—whichcanbelooselycalled"feministpostmodernist"ledtodifferentwaysofthinkingaboutgender.

randtoafurtheremphasisontheimportanceoflanguageandlinguistictheory.Languagewasandisseenbymanyfeministsasapowerfulinstrumentofpatriarchy:

forexample,feminist,DaleSpenderspokeoftheEnglishlanguageasbeing“man-made"andasbeinganimportantcontributortowomen'soppression（Spender,1980）.

Fromthelate1980sto1990s,mostofthelinguistsmadeadeeperresearchonthedifferenceofthelanguageofthemalesandthefemales.Inthisperiod,theresearchofgenderlanguagecanbeconsideredassystematic.

1.3.1SexismStudiesinChinese

Undertheinfluenceofthewesternscholars,someChinesescholarshavestartedtopayattentiontoChineselanguageandgenderdiscrimination;peoplebegantobeacademicallyawareofsexismintheChineselanguageduringtheNewCultureMovementinearlytwentiethcentury.

In1918.,theChinesecharacter“她“forshewastheninventedbyLiuBannong.Itwasthefirsttimewomenweregrantedasanindependentidentityinlanguage（熊文华,1997）.

In1984,oneoftheChineseresearchersoffersacomprehensiveanalysisofthevariousformsofsexdifferentiationintheChineselanguage.（Shi,1984:

207-228）,whichincludesthelogographicwritingsystemofChinese,Lexicalstructures,Conventionofnaming,deprecatingtermsforwomeninproverbsandclassics,Syntacticstructureandlanguagestyleandsoon,Wordchoice,Syntacticstructureandlanguagestyle,Phonology,Conversationaltopicsandpatterns,Nonverbalbehavior.

Thefirstfourcategoriesdealwithwhatisreflectedinthelanguageaboutsexes（mostlyaboutwomen）,andtherestfivetalkaboutthedifferentwaysinwhichmenandwomenuselanguage,bothverbalandnonverbal,i.e.languagebysexes.WhilethelasteighttopicshaveallbeenaddressedinthestudiesofmanyIndo-Europeanlanguages,thefirstone—thelogographicwritingsystemofChinese—isatrulyuniquefeatureoftheChineselanguage.Shi（1984）alsoconcludesthatsexisminChineselanguagetiescloselywiththeChineseculture,anditwillcontinuetoexistuntilwomengainanequalfootingwithmeninthesociety.

ButtheirstudieshavenotcomparedsexismsofEnglishandChinesefromtheperspectiveofsimilaritiesanddifferencesdeeply,andtheyhaven'tsystematicallyproposedhowtoeliminatesexisminChinesethoughtherehavebeensomestrategiesforreducingsexisminEnglish.

TheRelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture

3.1DefinitionsofLanguageandCulture

Becausethefurtherdiscussionisrelatedtotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,firstly,itwillgivethedefinitiontolanguageandculture.

3.1.1Thedefinitionoflanguage

Whitneystatesthatlanguageistheelementoftheculture;itisabilitytoobtainandonlyHumanbeingshaveit.Thedifferencebetweenthelanguageandotherhumanexpressiontoolisthattheimmediatemotivationoflanguageiscommunication."（whitney1875:

291）

Leninindicatesthatlanguageisthemostimportanthumancommunicationtool."（Lenin,1916:

1916）

Stalinsaysthatlanguageisatoolusedbypeopletocommunicationwitheachotherandexchangeideas,finallytoachievemutualunderstanding."（Stalin1953:

20）

Themostbasicsenseisthatlanguageisasetofsymbolsandtherulesforcombiningthosesymbolsthatareusedandunderstoodbyala