《计算机英语第4版》课后练习参考答案课件.docx

《计算机英语第4版》课后练习参考答案课件.docx

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《计算机英语第4版》课后练习参考答案课件

UnitFour/SectionB

I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

1.Informationengineeringemphasizesamodelingtoolcalledentityrelationshipdiagrams.

2.Oneofthedisadvantagesofmodel-drivendevelopmentisthelongdurationofprojects.

3.Unlikestructuredanalysisanddesignandinformationengineering,object-orientedanalysisanddesignattempttoemergethedataandprocessconcernsintosingularconstructscalledobjects.

4.Unlikelogicalmodels,physicalmodelsshownotonlywhatasystemisordoes,butalsohowthesystemisphysicallyandtechnicallyimplemented.

II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:

1.checkbox复选框，选择框，校验框

2.structureddesign结构化设计

3.buildingblock积木块，构建模块，构件

4.databaseschema数据库模式

5.radiobutton单选（按）钮

6.系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique

7.模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment

8.数据流程图dataflowdiagram

9.下拉式菜单drop-down（或pull-down）menu

10.滚动条scrollbar

UnitFive:

SoftwareProcess

UnitFive/SectionA

I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

1.Newsoftwaremaybedevelopedfromscratchorthroughtheuseofexistingsystemsandoff-the-shelfsoftwareorsystemcomponents.

2.Thethreegenericprocessmodelsdiscussedinthetextareoftencomplementaryratherthanmutuallyexclusive,especiallyforlargesystemdevelopment.

3.Thewaterfallmodelissonamedbecauseofthecascadefromonephasetoanotherinthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess.

4.Thefundamentaldevelopmentactivitiesofthewaterfallmodelarerequirementsanalysisanddefinition,systemandsoftwaredesign,implementationandunittesting,integrationandsystemtesting,andoperationandmaintenance.

5.Thetwofundamentaltypesofevolutionarydevelopmentareexploratorydevelopmentandthrowawayprototyping.

6.Theevolutionaryapproachisoftenmoreeffectivethanthewaterfallapproachinproducingsystemsthatmeettheimmediateneedsofcustomers,butitisdifficulttoestablisha（n）stablesystemarchitectureusingthisapproach.

7.CBSEisa（n）reuse-orientedapproachtosoftwaredevelopment,whichreliesonalargebaseofreusablesoftwarecomponentsandanintegratingframeworkforthesecomponents.

8.WhileCBSEcanreducetheamountofsoftwaretobedevelopedandtheassociatedcostandrisks,itcannotavoidrequirementscompromiseswhichmayleadtoasystemthatdoesnotmeettherealneedsofusers.

II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:

1.systemspecification系统规格说明

2.unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试

3.softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）

4.systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试

5.evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程

6.linearmodel线性模型

7.programunit程序单元

8.throwawayprototype抛弃式原型

9.textformatting正文格式编排，文本格式化

10.systemevolution系统演变

11.系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm

12.需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition

13.探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach

14.系统文件编制systemdocumentation

15.瀑布模型waterfallmodel

16.系统集成systemintegration

17.商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf（或COTS）software

18.基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering（CBSE）

19.软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool

20.软件复用softwarereuse

IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:

Softwareprocessesarecomplexand,likeallintellectualandcreativeprocesses,relyonpeoplemakingdecisionsandjudgments.Becauseoftheneedforjudgmentandcreativity,attemptstoautomatesoftwareprocesseshavemetwithlimitedsuccess.Computer-aidedsoftwareengineering（CASE）toolscansupportsomeprocessactivities.However,thereisnopossibility,atleastinthenextfewyears,ofmoreextensiveautomationwheresoftwaretakesovercreativedesignfromtheengineersinvolvedinthesoftwareprocess.

OnereasontheeffectivenessofCASEtoolsislimitedisbecauseoftheimmensediversityofsoftwareprocesses.Thereisnoidealprocess,andmanyorganizationhavedevelopedtheirownapproachtosoftwaredevelopment.Processeshaveevolvedtoexploitthecapabilitiesofthepeopleinanorganizationandthespecificcharacteristicsofthesystemsthatarebeingdeveloped.Forsomesystems,averystructureddevelopmentprocessisrequiredwhileforothersaflexible,agileprocessislikelytobemoreeffective.

软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。

由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。

计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。

然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。

计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。

不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。

软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。

对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。

UnitSix:

Database

UnitSix/SectionA

I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

1.Datastoragetraditionallyusedindividual,unrelatedfiles,sometimescalledflatfiles.

2.Accordingtothetext,aDBMSisacombinationoffivecomponents:

hardware,software,data,users,andprocedures.

3.AsfarasaDBMSisconcerned,userscanrefertobothendusersandapplicationprograms,andenduserscanrefertobothdatabaseadministratorsandnormaluser.

4.Thethree-levelarchitectureforaDBMSdiscussedinthetextconsistsoftheinternal,conceptual,andexternallevels.

5.Intherelationaldatabasemodels,dataisorganizedintwo-dimensionaltablescalledrelations.

6.Adistributeddatabasecanbeclassifiedeitherasafragmenteddistributeddatabaseorasareplicateddistributeddatabase.

7.Whiletryingtokeeptheadvantagesoftherelationalmodel,anobject-orienteddatabaseallowsapplicationstoaccessstructureddata.

8.Animportantstepinthedesignofadatabaseinvolvesthebuildingofa（n）entity-relationshipmodelthatdefinestheentitiesforwhichsomeinformationmustbemaintained,theattributesoftheseentities,andtherelationshipbetweentheseentities.

II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:

1.enduser最终用户，终端用户

2.atomicoperation原子操作

3.databaseadministrator数据库管理员

4.relationaldatabasemodel关系数据库模型

5.localdata本地数据

6.object-orienteddatabase面向对象数据库

7.databasemanagementsystem（DBMS）数据库管理系统

8.entity-relationshipmodel（ERM）实体关系模型

9.distributeddatabase分布式数据库

10.flatfile平面文件

11.二维表two-dimensionaltable

12.数据属性dataattribute

13.数据库对象databaseobject

14.存储设备storagedevice

15.数据类型datatype

16.数据插入与删除datainsertionanddeletion

17.层次数据库模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel

18.数据库体系结构databasearchitecture

19.关系数据库管理系统relationaldatabasemanagementsystem（RDBMS）

20.全局控制总线globalcontrolbus

IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:

Inarelationaldatabase,therowsofatablerepresentrecords（collectionsofinformationaboutseparateitems）andthecolumnsrepresentfields（particularattributesofarecord）.Inconductingsearches,arelationaldatabasematchesinformationfromafieldinonetablewithinformationinacorrespondingfieldofanothertabletoproduceathirdtablethatcombinesrequesteddatafrombothtables.Forexample,ifonetablecontainsthefieldsEMPLOYEE-ID,LAST-NAME,FIRST-NAME,andHIRE-DATE,andanothertablecontainsthefieldsDEPT,EMPLOYEE-ID,andSALARY,arelationaldatabasecanmatchtheEMPLOYEE-IDfieldsinthetwotablestofindsuchinformationasthenamesofallemployeesearningacertainsalaryorthedepartmentsofallemployeeshiredafteracertaindate.Inotherwords,arelationaldatabaseusesmatchingvaluesintwotablestorelateinformationinonetoinformationintheother.Microcomputerdatabaseproductstypicallyarerelationaldatabases.

在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。

在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。

例如，如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。

换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。

微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。

UnitSix/SectionB

I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

1.ThecommitpointisthepointatwhichallthestepsinatransactionhavebeenrecordedinthelogoftheDBMS.

2.AlargeDBMSoftencontainaschedulertocoordinatetime-sharingamongtransactionsinmuchthesamewaythatatime-sharingoperatingsystemcoordinatesinterweavingofprocesses.

3.Theitemswithinadatabasethatarecurrentlybeingusedbysometransactionaremarkedwithlocks.Therearetwocommontypesoflocks:

sharedlocksandexclusivelocks.

4.Withthewound-waitprotocol,ifanoldertransactionrequiresaccesstoanitemthatislockedbyayoungertransactionisforcedtoreleaseallofitsdataitems,anditsactivitiesarerolledback.

II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:

1.nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存储系统

2.equipmentmalfunction设备故障

3.wound-waitprotocol受伤―等待协议

4.exclusivelock排它锁，互斥（型）锁

5.databaseintegrity数据库完整性

6.共享锁sharedlock

7.数据库实现databaseimplementation

8.级联回滚cascadingrollback

9.数据项dataitem

10.分时操作系统time-sharingoperatingsystem

UnitSeven:

ComputerNetworks

UnitSeven/SectionA

I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

1.Accordingtothegeographicalareacovered,acomputernetworkisoftenclassifiedaseitheraLAN,a（n）MAN,oraWAN.

2.Anetworkcanalsobeclassifiedaseithera（n）opennetworkora（n）closednetworkaccordingtowhetheritsinternaloperationisbasedondesignsinthepublicdomainoroninnovationsownedandcontrolledbyaparticularentity.

3.Anetworkcanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtoitstopology.Amongthemostpopulartopologiesarethebustopology,ringtopology,andstartopology.

4.Apopularprotocolinnetworksbasedontheringtopologyisthetokenringprotocoldevel