托福阅读练习20篇.docx

托福阅读练习20篇.docx

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托福阅读练习20篇

大家好，

今天是这个学期最后一天了，相信大家已经打好行李，拿着车票准备回家过年了。

现在我把假期给大家准备的礼物提前派发喽！

托福阅读一共20篇文章，建议大家：

1.不要查其中的任何一个单词的意思，就是以80%读懂的状态理解内容。

2.每篇文章后面的题目帮助大家更好地把握文章结构，furtherconsideration部分是拓展阅读，也许是我们下学期的平时测验内容。

3.passage20里面保留了托福真题的测试模式，大家可以自我测试一下。

4.阅读时心情不能大喜，也不能大悲，平淡如水吧。

最后，祝大家回家的路上平安，春节愉快！

Passage1

TheTitus-BodeLawpredictedthattherewouldbeafifthplanetbetweenMarsandJupiter.In1800,agroupofastronomersnicknamedthe"celestialpolice"wasorganizedtosearchforthemissingplanet.Beforetheplancouldbeputineffect,anotherastronomer,G.Piazzi,discoveredlCeres,thelargestasteroid,inthispositioninspaceonNewYear'sDay,1801.WhiletryingtolocateCeresagain,theastronomerH.Olbersdiscovered2Pallasin1802J.Hardingdiscovered3Junoinl804.H.Olbersalsodiscovered4Vesta,thebrightestasteroid,in1807.Itwasnotuntil1836thatafifthasteroid,5Astrea,wasaddedtothelist.Atfirst,manynineteenth-centuryastronomersdidnotfindasteroidsofmuchinterest.Oneevencalledthem"theverminofthesky."In1891,MaxWolfpioneeredtheuseofastrophotographytodetectasteroids.ThenWolfwentontodiscover248asteroids,beginningwith323Bruscia.Atpresent,around150,000asteroidshavebeendiscovered.Mostarespottedtodaybyautomatedsystemsthatpairtelescopeswithcomputers.

AsteroidsvaryinsizefromCeres,withadiameterof570miles,totinybodiesthatareonlythesizeofpebbles.Onlythefourlargest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,andJuno-arespherical.Mostareelongatedorirregular.Asteroidsarenotuniformlydistributedthroughspace.Manyoccurinclusterscalledgroups,orineventighterclusterscalledfamilies.Familiesofasteroidswithsimilarcharacteristics,indicatingacommonorigin,arecalledHiruzamaasteroids.

H.Olbersadvancedthetheorythatasteroidsaretheremnantsofalargeplanetthatexploded.OtherastronomerssuggestedthattheasteroidswereoriginallymoonsofJupiterthatbrokeawayandthendisintegrated.ThemostcommonlyacceptedtheoryamongastronomerstodayisthattheyoccupyaplaceinthesolarsystemwhereasizeableplanetcouldhaveformedbutwaspreventedfromdoingsobythedisruptivegravityfieldofnearbyJupiter.Originally,perhaps,therewereonlyafewdozenasteroids.Thesewereeventuallyfragmentedbymutualcollisionstoproducethepresentpopulationofasteroids.

Whennewasteroidsarediscovered,theyaregivenatemporarysix-charactername.Thefirstfournumberscorrespondtotheyearofdiscovery.Thefirstofthetwoletterscorrespondstothehalf-monthperiodinwhichtheasteroidwasdiscovered,andthesecondtothesequenceinwhichtheasteroidwasdiscoveredinthathalf-month.Forexample.theasteroid2006ACwasthethirdasteroidtobediscoveredinthefirsthalfofJanuaryin2006.Aftertheorbitofanasteroidhasbeencalculated,asteroidsreceiveanumberthatcorrespondstotheorderofdiscovery（currentlyfromlCeresto95959Covadonga）.Thefirstseveralhundredasteroidswerenamedforfemalecharactersfrommythology.（Ceres,forexample,istheRomangoddessoftheharvest.）Evenafterthesenameswereusedup,theconventionofgivingasteroidsfemalenamescontinuedupuntil334Chicago.ApersonwhodiscoversanasteroidmaysubmitanametotheInternationalAstronomicalUnion.Somearenamedforplacesorforthings.Somearenamedtohonorfamousscientists,painters,writers,orevenpopstars,suchasmusiciansandactors.Somearenamedaftercolleagues,familymembers,andevenpets.Discoverersmaynot,however,nameasteroidsafterthemselves.Ofthe150,000knownasteroids,onlyaboutl0%havenames.

MostasteroidsarefoundintheMainAsteroidBeltbetweenMarsandJupiter.Somehavehighlyeccentricorbits,suchas3200Phaeton,whichswingsclosetotheSun.Someasteroids,calledNearEarthAsteroids（NEAs）,passclosetoEarth.ItisfearedthatonedayanasteroidmayhitEarthandcauseagreatdealofdamage.Infact,mostscientistsbelievethatacollisionbetweenanasteroidandtheearthmadedinosaursextinct.

InJuneof2002,withoutwarning,amedium-sizedasteroidcalled2002MNpassedrelativelyclosetoEarth.Itwasnotobserveduntilthreedaysafterithadpassed.ThiswastheclosestanasteroidhadcometoEarthsince1994XM.ThatasteroidmissedtheEarthbyonly64,000miles.However,theonein2002wasmuchlargerthanl994XNandpotentiallymuchmoredestructive.Othernearmissesinvolved1989FCand433Erosin1975.WhilethereareprogramstowatchforNearEarthAsteroids,2002MNprovedthattheseprogramsarenotcompletelyeffective.Somepeoplebelievethatthereshouldbeamuchlargerworldwideprogramtodetectandpossiblydestroyasteroidsthatareheadingtowardsourplanet.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,theTitus-BodeLawdealswith___________（thepositionofplanetsaroundtheSun/theexistenceofasteroids）.

2.IsG.PiazzifirstmentionedinParagraph1amemberofthe"celestialpolice"?

Yes/No.

3.AccordingtoParagraph2,asteroidsinafamily/groupareclosertogether?

4.InParagraph3,__________（1/2/3/4）theoriesaboutthedevelopmentofasteroidshavebeenmentioned?

The___________one（s）arenolongerconsideredvalid.

5.Pleaseexplainthemeaningsofthefollowingnamesoftheasteroidsgivenbythescientists.

1Ceres____________2Pallas________________3Juno_____________4Vesta_____________

5Astrea___________1994XM_______________2002MN___________433Eros____________

6.MainIdeaofthepassage:

___________________________________________________________

7.FurtherConsideration:

asteroids__________planets______________

Passage2

Ambientdiversdonotgounderwaterinsubmersiblevehicles,suchasadivingbell,abathysphere,orinapressure-resistantsuit.Theyarediverswhoareexposedtothepressureandtemperatureofthesurrounding（ambient）water.Ofalltypesofdiving,theoldestandsimplestisfreediving.Somefreediversmayusenoequipmentatall,butmanyuseafacemask,footfins,andasnokel.Underthesurface,freediversmustholdtheirbreath.Mostfreediverscanonlydescend30feet（10meters）beneaththesurface,butsomeexpertdiverscangoasdeepas100feet（33meters）.

SCUBAdivingprovidesgreaterrangethanfreediving.ThewordSCUBAstandsforSelf-ContainedUnderwaterBreathingApparatus.SCUBAdiverswearmetaltankswithcompressedairorotherbreathinggases.Whenusingopen-circuitequipment,aSCUBAdiversimplybreathesairfromthetankthroughahoseandreleasestheexhaledairintothewater.Aclosed-circuitbreathingdevice,calledarebreather,filtersoutcarbondioxideandotherharmfulgasesandautomaticallyaddsoxygen.Thisenablesthedivertobreathethesameairoverandover.SCUBAdiversusuallyusefootfinstohelpthemswimunderwater.Theymaywearonlyswimsuits（skindiving）,ortheymaywearrubberwetsuitstohelpprotectthemfromcoldwater.

SCUBAdivinghasbeenpracticedsincethenineteenthcentury,butitwasnotuntil1942thatSCUBAdivingbecamesimpleandsafe.ThatwastheyearthatJacques-YvesCousteau,aFrenchnavalofficer,andEmileGagnan,anengineerforanaturalgascompany,redesignedtheregulatorfromanautomobileenginesothatitcouldbeusedtoautomaticallyregulatetheflowofairtoadiver.CousteauandCagnanattachedthenewregulatortohoses,amouthpieceandapairofcompressedairtanksandcalledthisequipmenttheAqualung.Aqualungsweresoonbeingsoldindiveshopsaroundtheworld,andSCUBAdivingbecameapopularsport.

Insurface-supplieddiving,diverswearhelmetsandwaterproofcanvassuits.Today,sophisticatedplastichelmetshavereplacedtheheavycopperonesusedinthepast.Surface-supplieddiversgettheirairfromahoseconnectedtoaircompressorsonapieroronaboat.Surface-supplieddiverscangodeeperandstaysubmergedlongerthananyothertypeofambientdiver.UnlikeSCUBAdivers,manyofwhomaresportsdivers,almostallsurface-supplieddiversworkontaskasunderwaterconstructionandsalvageoperations.

Equipmenttheyuse:

Theydonotuse:

Ambientdivers:

_____________________________________________

Freedivers:

_____________________________________________

SCUBAdivers:

______________________________________________

（open-circuitequipment/closed-circuitequipment）

Surface-supplieddivers:

_____________________________________

Furtherconsideration:

1）thestructureofahelmet

2）Typeofdivingavailablefordifferentgroupsofpeople:

travelers,rescueteam,

sportsdivers,etc.

Passage3

In1862,inthemidstoftheCivilWar,PresidentLincolnsignedtheMorrillAct.ThemeasurewasnamedforCongressman（laterSenator）JustinS.MorrillofVermont.PopularlycalledtheLandGrantAct,itprovidedeachstatewiththousandsofacresoffederallyownedland.Eachstatereceived30,000acres（10,033Hectares）foreachsenator（allstateshavetwosenators）and30,000acresforeachrepresentativeinCongress（thenumberofrepresentativesdependsonthepopulationofthestate）.Thebillrequiredthatthelandbesold,theproceedsinvested,andtheincomeusedtocreateandmaintaincollegesaroundthenationtoteachagricultureandengineering.

MorrillHall,onthecampusoftheUniversityof

Maryland,CollegePark（aland-grantuniversity）,

isnamedforSenatorMorrill,inhonoroftheact

hesponsored.

TheMorrillActintroducedtworadicalideastoeducation:

thathighereducationshouldbepractical,andthatitshouldbeavailabletotheworkingclasses,notjusttothewealthy.Beforeland-grantuniversities,collegewasbasicallyforaselectfew,andthecurriculumstressed"classical"subjectssuchasLatin,rhetoric,andma