基础及基础工程外文翻译.docx

基础及基础工程外文翻译.docx

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基础及基础工程外文翻译

基础及基础工程外文翻译

河北建筑工程学院

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译

系别：

土木工程

专业：

土木工程

班级：

*********

姓名：

**********

学号：

**************

外文出处：

GEOLOGLCALANDGEOTECHNICALENGINEERING

附件：

1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。

指导教师评语：

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年月日

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请将该封面与附件装订成册。

1、外文原文（复印件）

FoundationAndFoundationEngineering

Strucuresorotherconstructedworksaresupportedontheearthbyfoundation.Theword“foundation”maymeantheearthitself,somethingplacedinorontheearthtoprovidesupport,oracombinnationoftheearthandtheelementsplacedonit.Thefoundationforamultistoryofficebuildingcouldbeacombinationforanearth-filldamwouldbethenaturalsoilorrockonwhichthedamisplaced.Concretefootingsorwhichorinwhichtheyareplaced.Theinstalledelementsandthenaturalsoilorrockoftheearthformafoundationsystem;thesoilandrockprovidetheultimatesupportofthesystem.Foundationthatareinstalledmaybeeithersoil-bearingorrock–bearing.Thereactionsofthesoilorrocktotheimposedloadsgenerallydeterminedhowwellthefoundationsystemfunctions.Indesigningtheinstalledportions,thedesignermustdeterminethesafepressuewhichcanbeusedonthesoilorrockandtheamountoftotalsettlementanddifferentialsettlementwhichthestructurecanwithstand.

Theinstalledpartsofthefoundationsystemmaybefootings,matfoundations,slabfoundations,andcaissonsorpiles,allofwhichareusedtotransferloadfromasupersteuctureintotheearth.Theseparts,whichtransmitloadfromthesuperstructuretotheearth,arecalledthesubstructure.

FootingFootingorspreadfoundationsareusedtospreadtheloadsfromcolumnsorwallstotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Normally,footingsareconstructedofreinforedconcrete.However,undersomecircumstancestheymaybeconstructedofplainconcreteormasonary,wheneachfootingsupportsonlyonecolumn,itissquare.Footingssupportingtwocoumnsarecalledcombinedfootingsandmaybeeitherrectangularortrapezoidal.Cantileverfootingsareusedtobuildinglineorexteriorwall.Footingssupportsingwallsarecontinuousfootings.

Thesizesoffootingsaredeterminedbydividingtheloadstobeimposedatthebaseofthefootingsbytheallowablebearingpressurewhichcanbeimposedonthesoilorrockoftheearth.Mostbuildingcodesandtextbooksonfoundationscontaintableslistingallowablebearingpressuresforvarioustypesofsoilandrock;however,thesetablesgiveonlygeneralclassificationsanddescriptionsofthesoilorrockmustbeusedwithcaution.Morespecificinformationaboutthesoilorrockisnormallyobtainedbydrillingtestborings,extractingsoilorrocksamples,performinglaboratorytestsonthesamples,andmakingengineeringmustbegiventotheamountofsettlementwhichmayoccurandthecapabilityofthestructuretowithstandsuchsettement.Ifsettlementisproblemitmaybenecessarytouseanalternatefoundationtyperatherthanfootingsortoenlargethefootingsanddecreasethebearingpressure.

Gradebeamsmaybeusedbetweenexteriorcolumnfootingstosupportwalls,withthebeamstransferringtheweightofthewallstothecolumnfootings.Beamsarealsousedbetweeninteriorcolumnfootingstoactasbracesortosupportinteriorwalls.Retainingwallsarethosewallssubjecttohorizontalearthpressuresduetotheretentionofearthbehindthem.Thefoundationforthesewillnotslidewhensubjectedtothehorizontalearthpressure.Inaddition,retainingwallsmustbedesignedsotheywillnotoverturn.Infrost-susceptibleareas,footingsmustbeplacedbelowthefrostline.

MatfoundationsMatorraftfoundationsarelarge,thick,andusuallyheavilyreinforcedconcretematswhichtransferloadsfromanumberorcolumsandwallstotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Matsarealsocombinedfootings.,butaremuchlargerthanafootinguniformpressuretotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Matsarerigidandwillactasabridgeoverdiscontinuitiesinthesoilorrockonwhichtheyarefounded.Matsfoundedseveralmetersbelowthegroundsurface,whencombinedwithexternalwalls,aretermedfloatingfoundations.Theweightofthesoilexcavatedfromthegroundsurfacetothebottomofthematmaybeequaltoapproachthetotalweightofthestructure.Inthiscase,littleornonewloadisappliedtotheunderlyingsupportingsoil,andsettlementsofastructuremaybeminimalafterconstruction.

SlabfoundationsSlabfoundationsareusedforlightstructureswhereinthecolumnsandwallsaresupportesdirectlyonthefloorslab.Thefloorslabisthickenedandmoreheavilyreinforcedattheplaceswherethecolumnandwallloadsareimposed.

SpecialproblemsGroundwaterisamajorprobleminconnectionwiththedesignandinstallationoffoundationswhereasubstructureistobeplacedbelowthegroundwaterlevel.Wellpoints,pumpingfromde