水化学专业词汇英文.docx

水化学专业词汇英文.docx

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水化学专业词汇英文

水化学专业词汇（英文）

A

Absorption-Theholdingofasubstancewithinasolidbycohesiveorcapillaryforces.

Accumulator-Apulsationdampenerinstalledonthesuctionand/ordischargelinesofpumps,generallyplungertype,tominimizepressuresurgesandprovideuniformityofflow.

Accuracy-Theclosenessofagreementbetweenanobservedvalueandanacceptedreferencevalue.Whereanacceptedreferencevalueisnotavailable,ameasureofthedegreeofconformityofavaluegeneratedbyaspecificproceduretotheassumedoracceptedtruevalue,andincludesbothprecisionandbias.

Acetylation-Substitutionofanacetylradicalforanactivehydrogen.Specifically,formationofcelluloseacetatefromcellulose.

Acidity-Thequantitativecapacityofaqueousmediatoreactwithhydroxylions.

ActivatedCarbon-Granulatedorpowderedactivatedcarbonusedtoremovetastes,odor,chlorine,chloramines,andsomeorganicsfromwater.

Afamilyofcarbonaceoussubstancesmanufacturedbyprocessesthatdevelopadsorptiveproperties.

Adsorption-Theholdingofasubstanceontothesurfaceofasolidbychemicalsurfaceforces,withoutformingnewchemicalbonds.

AerobicBacteria-Bacteriathatrequireoxygenforgrowth,seeBacteria,aerobes.

Aggregate-Granularmaterialsuchassand,gravel,crushedstone.

AirScour-Distributingairovertheentirefilterareaatthebottomofafiltermediaflowingupwardtoimprovetheeffectivenessofbackwashingand/ortopermittheuseoflowerbackwashwaterflowrate.

Algae-Anyofagroupofchieflyaquaticmonocellularplantswithchlorophylloftenmaskedbyabrownorredpigment.

Alkalinity-Thequantitativecapacityofaqueousmediatoreactwithhydrogenions."M"alkalinityisthatwhichwillreactwithacidasthepHofthesampleisreducedtothemethylorangeendpointabout4.5."P"alkalinityisthatwhichreactswithacidasthepHofthesampleisreduced

tothephenolphthaleinendpointof8.3."M"isthetotalalkalinitywhichisthesumofhydroxidepluscarbonateplusbicarbonatecontents;"P"includesallthehydroxylandhalfthecarbonatecontent.

Alum-Aluminumsulfate,Al2（SO4）3XH2O（X=14-18）,acoagulant.

AmbientTemperature-Thetemperatureofthesurroundings,typically20o-25oC.

Amorphous-Noncrystalline,devoidofregularcohesivestructure.

AnaerobicBacteria-Bacteriathatdonotuseoxygen,oxygenistoxictothem,seeBacteria（anaerobes）.

Amphoteric-Capableofactingasanacidorabase.

Angstrom（Å）-Aunitoflengthequaling10-10meters,10-8centimetersand3.937x10-9inches.ThesymbolisÅorA.U..

Anion-Anion（electricallychargedatomofgroupofatoms）thatcarriesoneormorenegativecharges,e.g.,Cl-,OH-,SO4=

AnionExchangeMaterial-Amaterialcapableofthereversibleexchangeofnegativelychargedions.

AnisotropicMembrane-Anonuniformstructureincross-section;typicallythesupportsubstructurehasporesmuchlargerthanthebarrierlayer.（SeeAsymmetricMembranes）.

Anode-Apositively（+）chargedelectrodethatattractsanions

AnionicPolyelectrolyte-Usuallyacrylamideandacrylamideandacryliccopolymers,negativelycharged,usedforcoagulation/flocculation,seePolyelectrolytes.

Anthracite-Agranularhardcoalusedasafiltrationmedia,commonlyusedasthecoarserlayerindualandmultimediafilters.

Antifoulant-SeeAntiscalant.

Antiscalant-Acompoundaddedtoawaterwhichinhibitstheprecipitationofsparinglysolubleinorganicsalts.

Anti-TelescopingDevice-Aplasticormetaldeviceattachedtotheends

ofaspiralwoundcartridgetopreventmovementofthecartridgeleavesinthefeedflowdirection,duetohighfeedflows.

AOC-AssimilableOrganicCarbon.

AppliedVoltage-TheDCvoltageacrosstheanodeandcathodeofeachmodule.Thevoltagerequireddependsprimarilyonthenumberofcellsinthemodule.

Aquifer-Awater-bearinggeologicalformationthatprovidesagroundwaterreservoir.

Aramid-Afullyaromaticpolyamide.

Array-Anarrangementofdevicesconnectedtocommonfeed,productandrejectheadersi.e.a2:

1array.

AsymmetricMembrane-Membranewhichhasachangeinporestructurewithdepth.（SeeAnisotropicMembranes）.

ATD-SeeAntiTelescopingDevice.

AtomicWeight-Therelativemassofanatombasedonascaleinwhichaspecificcarbonatom（carbon12）isassignedamassvalueof12.

ATP-Adenosinetriphosphate.

Autopsy-Thedissectionofamembranemoduleorelementtoinvestigatecausesofunsatisfactoryperformance.

Availability-Theon-streamtimeorratedoperatingcapacityofawatertreatmentsystem.

A-Value-Membranewaterpermeabilitycoefficient.Thecoefficientisdefinedastheamountofwaterproducedperunitareaofmembranewhennetdrivingpressure（NDP）isunity,aunitofmeasurementism3/hr/m2/kPa.

AWWA-AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.

AWWARF-AmericanWaterWorksAssociationResearchFoundation.

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B

Backwash-Reversetheflowofwaterw/woaireitheracrossorthroughamediumormembranedesignedtoremovethecollectedforeignmaterialfromthebedormembranes.

Bacteria-Anyofaclassofmicroscopicsingle-celledorganismsreproducingbyfissionorbyspores.Characterizedbyround,rod-likespiralorfilamentousbodies,oftenaggregatedintocoloniesormobilebymeansofflagella.Widelydispersedinsoil,water,organicmatter,andthebodiesofplantsandanimals.Eitherautotrophic（self-sustaining,self-generative）,saprophytic（derivesnutritionfromnon-livingorganicmaterialalreadypresentintheenvironment）,orparasitic（derivingnutritionfromanotherlivingorganism）.Oftensymbiotic（advantageous）inman,butsometimespathogenic.

Bactericide-Agentcapableofkillingbacteria.

Bacteriostat-Substancethatpreventsbacterialgrowthandmetabolismbutdoesnotnecessarilykillthem.

Bank-Agroupingofdevices.（SeeArray,Block,Train）.

Bar-Aunitofpressure.Onebarisequalto14.5psi,1.02kg/cm2,oronePascal.Bydefinitiononebarisequaltoonemilliondynespersquarecentimeter.

BAT-BestAvailableTechnology.

BaumeScale-oBe-Ameasureofthedensityofasolutionrelativetowater.

BedDepth-Thedepthofthefiltermediumorionexchangeresininavessel.

BedExpansion-Thedepthincreaseoffiltermediumorionexchangeresinthatoccursduringbackwashing.

Binders-Inreferencetocartridgefilters,chemicalsusedtohold,or'bind',shortfiberstogetherinafilter.

Biocide-Asubstancethatkillsalllivingorganisms.

BiologicalDeposits-Thedebrisleftbyorganismsasaresultoftheirlifeprocesses.

Biomass-Anymaterialwhichisorwasalivingorganismorexcretedfromamicro-organism.

Biostat-Asubstancethatinhibitsbiologicalgrowth.

Blinding-Insurfacefiltration,abuild-upofparticulatesonthefilter,restrictingfluidflowthroughthefilteratnormalpressures.

Block-Agroupingofdevicesinasingleunithavingcommoncontrol.（Seearray,BankTrain）.

BOD-BiochemicalOxygenDemand-Theamountofdissolvedoxygenutilizedbynaturalagenciesinwaterinstabilizingorganicmatteratspecifiedtestconditions.

BodyFeed-Thecontinuousadditionoffiltermedium（e.g.;diatomaceousearth）tosustaintheefficacyofthefilter.

BOO-Build,OwnOperate.

BOOT-Build,Own,OperateandTransfer.

BoundaryLayer-Athinlayeratthemembranesurfacewherewatervelocitiesdeviatesignificantlylessthanthoseinthebulkflow.

BrackishWater-Waterwithanapproximateconcentrationoftotaldissolvedsolidsrangingfrom1000to10,000mg/L.（SeeHighBrackishWaterandSeaWater）.

BreakpointChlorination-Thepointatwhichthewaterchlorinedemandissatisfiedandanyfurtherchlorineisthechlorineresidual,the"free"chlorinespecies.

BreakTank-Astoragedeviceusedforhydraulicisolationandsurgeprotection.

Brine-Theconcentrate（reject）streamfromacrossflowmembranedeviceperformingdesalination.Portionofthefeedstreamwhichdoesnotpassthroughthemembrane.

Brine（Concentrate）Seal-Arubberlipsealontheoutsideofaspiralwoundcartridgewhichpreventsfeedby-passbetweenthecartridgeandtheinsidepressurevesselwall.

BrineSealCarrier-SeeATD.

BrineSystemStaging-Aprocessinwhichtheconcentrate,underpressure,ofagroupofmembranedevicesisfeddirectlytoanothersetofmembranedevicestoimprovetheefficiencyofthewaterseparation.

BubblePointPressure-Thepressurenecessarytodisplacealiquidheldbysurfacetensionforcesfromthelargestequivalentcapillariesinamembranefilter.

BubblePointTest-Anondestructivemembranefiltertestusedtoassessfilterintegrityandproperinstallation.

Bundle-Ageneraltermforacollectionofparallelfilamentsorfibers.

B-Value-Saltdiffusioncoefficient.Thecoefficientisdefinedastheamountofsalttransferredperunitareaofmembranewhenthedifferenceinsaltconcentrationacrossthemembraneisunity.Aunitofmeasurementism/hr.

BWRO-BrackishWaterReverseOsmosis.

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C

CAC-CombinedAvailableChlorine.

CalciumCarbonateEquivalents（mg/LasCaCO3）-Amethodforexpressingmg/Lasionintermsofcalciumcarbonate.Concentrationincalciumcarbonateequivalentsiscalculatedbymultiplyingconcentrationinmg/Loftheionbytheequivalentweightofcalciumcarbonate（50）anddividingbytheequivalentweightoftheion.

CarbonateHardness-Thehardnessinawatercausedbycarbonatesandbicarbonatesofcalciumandmagnesium.Theamountofhardnessequivalenttothealkalinityformedanddepositedwhenwaterisboiled.Inboilers,carbonatehardnessisreadilyremovedbyblowdown.

CalciumHypochlorite-Ca（HClO）