会展业经济效应外文文献翻译.docx

会展业经济效应外文文献翻译.docx

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会展业经济效应外文文献翻译

毕业论文外文资料翻译

题目韩国会展业的经济影响　

学院

专业

班级

学生

学号

指导教师

二〇一五年五月一日

TourismManagement,2003,（24）:

533–541

ConventionindustryinSouthKorea:

aneconomicimpactanalysis

SamuelSeongseopKim,KayeChon

CollegeofHospitalityandTourism,SejongUniversity,98Gunja-Dong,Gwanjin-Gu,Seoul,143747SouthKoreaandSchoolofHotelandTourismManagement,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HungHom,Kowloon,HongKong

Abstract:

ObjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheeconomicimpactoftheconventionindustryinKorea.Aninput–outputmodelwasusedtoinvestigatetheeconomicimpactoftheconventionindustryintermsofoutput,employment,ine,value-added,andimport.Consideringmultipliereffects,rateofexchangeearnings,andsubstitutioneffect,theconventionindustrywasparedwithothermajorexportproducts.Accordingtoresultsofthisstudy,estimatedeconomicimpactoftheconventionindustrywasreportedtobeverysignificanttotheKoreaneconomy.

Keywords:

Convention;Aninput–output（I–O）model;Multiplier;Substitutioneffect

1.Introduction

Themeetings,incentivetravel,conventions,andexhibitions（MICE）industryisoneofthefastestgrowingsegmentsofthetourismindustrytoday,bothinaglobalandcountryspecificcontext.AccordingtoareportoftheUnionofInternationalAssociations（UIA）,thetotalnumberofconventionsheldin2000was9433andthetopfiveconvention-hostingcountriesincludeUS（1303;13.8%ofworldconventionmarket）,France（632;6.7%）,England（613;6.5%）,Germany（591;6.3%）,andItaly（430;4.5%）.Thesefivecountriesaccountedfor54.7%oftheworldconventionmarket.AreportpublishedbySuccessfulMeetings（2001）indicatedthatthetotalmeetingsindustryspendingin2000intheUSaloneamountedto$122.1billion.Thisfigureincludesspendingbycorporateandassociationmeetingsandincentivetravelmarketsegments.Thetotalrepresentsan8.6%dollarvolumegrowthoverthepreviousyear-inlinewiththeaverage9%year-over-yeargrowthsince1992（SuccessfulMeetings,2001）.

TheconventionmarketintheAsia–Pacificregionhasalsoincreasedby124%duringtheperiodof1980–1996（Hutchinson,1997）.Especially,Australia’smeetingsandexhibitionsareestimatedtohavegeneratedaroundA$7billionannuallyindirectexpendituretotheAustralianeconomy（Johnson,Foo,&O’Halloran,1999）.InternationalattendantstoconferencesinSydneyduring1996–1997stayedonaverage6.9nightsinthe

cityand10daysinAustraliaintotal,andspentonaverageA$5722onconferenceregistrationfees,acmodations,domesticairfares,shopping,restaurants,andothercostswhileinSydney,andtheamountreachedapproximatelyA$770perday（McCabe,Poole,Weeks,&Leiper,2000）.Additionally,79%offoreigndelegateswhoparticipatedininternationalconventionsheldinAustraliatendedtostayinfive-orfour-starhotelsandapproximately50%ofallinternationaldelegatesparticipatedinapre-orpostconferencetour,stayingonaverageafurther3.1daysinthecountry（McCabeetal.,2000）.

TheKoreangovernmentrecentlyrealizedthesignificanceoftheconventionindustry.Thereexistedonlysmallconventionandexhibitioncentresbeforetheinternationalscaleconventioncentre,COEX,wasopenedintheSpringof2000.TheCOEXhashostedmanyinternationalconventionsincludingthethirdAsia–EuropeMeeting（ASEM）andthe14thGeneralAssemblymeetingoftheWorldTourismOrganization（WTO）ministerialmeeting.Attheprovincialgovernmentlevel,EXCO-DaeguinthecityofDaeguandBEXCOinthecityofBusanwereamongthefirstopenedbyaprimarysourceoffundingbylocalgovernmentsinAprilandMay2001,respectively.Continuously,constructionoflarge-scaleconventioncentreshasbeenundertakenorplannedbyprovincialorlocalgovernmentsinordertostimulatelocaleconomy.TheKoreangovernmentpassedalawforthepromotionoftheconventionindustryinDecember1996toinstitutionalisethelegalenvironmentforpromotingtheconventionindustry.WithglobaleventssuchastheWorldCupandAsianGamesin2002,therapiddevelopmentoftheconventionindustryisexpectedtoreceiveevengreaterattention.

AccordingtoareportoftheUIA,Korearankedthe24thwith109conventionsheldin2000andthefourthintheAsiaregion（KoreaNationalTourismOrganization,2001）.Thus,Koreaheld1.15%ofthetotal9433internationalconventionsheldin2000aroundtheworld.AsTable1shows,conventionswithlessthan100foreigndelegatesoccupiedabout75%in2000.Thenumberofforeignparticipantswas33,562in2000andthenumbershowsa1.7%rateofgrowthparedto1999（Table2）.

Thereasonsthattheconventionindustryproducesgreateconomicimpactcanbelargelysummarisedasfollows:

（1）thenumberofdelegatesforoneconventionislarge;

（2）thenumberofdaysstayedinacityorcountryislongerthanpleasuretravellerswithotherpurposes;（3）internationalconventiondelegatesarelargespenders;（4）delegateswhoparticipateinaconventionalsotendtojoininpre-orpost-tours（forpleasure）;and（5）industriesaffectedbyconventionarevariousandinterrelated.Thus,sinceinternationalconventionshavegreateconomicimpactonthehostingcityorcountry,manycountriesorcitiesmakegreateffortsinpromotingtheconventionindustry.

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeconomiceffectsofinternationalconventionsthatforeigndelegatesparticipatein.Toinvestigatetheeconomicimpactsoftheconventionindustryonacountry-leveleconomy,aninput–output（I–O）modelwasused.AnI–Omodelisanappropriateapproachtoestimatewhattouristsorvisitorstoanareaoracountryspendwhiletheyarethere,whichgenerateseconomicactivitydirectlyintheformofoutputorsales,inetoresidents,employment,andothermeasuresofeconomicbenefits（Frechtling&Horvath,1999）.

StudiesusingI–Omodelstoexploretheestimationofthetotalcontributionstoalocallevelorcountryleveleconomyattributabletotouristsorvisitorshavebeeninavarietyofcontexts:

touriststoacountry（Lee&Kwon,1995）,touriststoaregionorlocal（Frechtling&Horvath,1999;Johnson&Sullivan,1993;Uysal,Pomeroy,&Potts,1992）,festival/event（Burgan&Mules,1992;Crompton&Kim,1998;Crompton,Lee,&Shuster,2001;Crompton&McKay,1994）,andgambling（Felsenstein&Freeman,1998;Lee&Kwon,1995）.

Unfortunately,manystudiesontheeconomiceffectsbytheconventionindustryhavenotbeenconducted.WhenreviewingmajortourismjournalssuchasTourismManagement,AnnalsofTourismResearch,andJournalofTravelResearch,Braun’s（1992）studywastheonlyarticlethatreportedtheeconomiceffectbytheconventionindustry.Somereasonswhystudiesontheeconomicimpactofconventionsarenotpopularcanbesuggested.First,theconventionindustryhasrecentlybeenrecognizedasanimportanttourismmarket.Second,itisdifficulttotrackcategoriesofconventionspendingbydelegates,sponsors,orexhibitors.Third,itisdifficulttodisaggregateindustriesaffectedbytheconventionindustrybecausetheconventionindustryislinkedwithavarietyofotherindustries.Fourth,typesofconventionsarevariousaccordingtothenatureoftheconventionincludingthetypeofsponsor（e.g.,corporateorassociation）,thenumberofdelegates,thelengthofaconvention,aconventionwith/withoutexhibitionorothertypesofevents,scaleofbudget,andaconventionwith/withoutpre-orpost-conventiontourprogram.Thus,thesefactorsinhibitundertakingstudiesontheeconomicimpactsoftheconventionindustryonaregionorcountry.

AstudybyBraun（1992）identifiedtheeconomiccontributionofconventionsontheeconomyinOrlando,Florida.Hecategorizedtypesofspendingforaconventionintodelegates,associationsasasponsor,andexhibitors.Inhisstudy,totalspendingbyabout1.67milliondelegatesinOrlandowasestimatedandtheamountwasfurtherbrokendownintothefollowingcategories:

lodging（US$531million:

56%）,restaurants（US$234million:

24.7%）,retailstores（US$86million:

9.1%）,entertainment（US$52million:

5.5%）,andlocaltransportation（US$45million:

4.7%）.Braun’s（1992）studyindicatedthatspendingbyassociationsamountedtoUS$94millioninOrlandoduringconventions:

servicessuchasbanquetsandcatering（overUS$26million:

27.6%）,meetingsrooms,exhibitionspace,andequipmentrentals,andservices（US$36million:

38.3%）,staffexpensesonhotels,meals,andtransportation（US$9million:

9.6%）,andguestspeakersfees,entertainment,andprogramsforspouses（US$23million:

24.5%）.HisstudydiscussedthatexhibitorsspentUS$59.2milliononfoodserviceforpromotion（US$34million:

57.4%）,hospitalitysuites（US$9.5million:

16.0%）,servicesincludingcontracts（US$5.7million:

9.62%）,andothers（US$8.2million:

13.8%）.

Braun（1992）statedthatconventionspendingdirectlyaffectsthefollowingsectors:

hotelsandotherlodging;eatinganddrinkingestablishments;miscellaneousretail;amusementandrecreation;membershiporganizations;transportationservices;businessservices;socialservices;buildingmaterialsandgardensupply;healthservices;repairservices;museums,botanicalgardens,andzoos.ThetotalofUS$1.19billioninconventionspendingwasusedasanexportofoutputfortheOrlandoeconomytoproducenewrevenuesfromoutsidetheregion.Thetotalimpactwasestimatedatover65,000jobs,US$457millioninine,US$2.28billioninoutput,aboutUS$88millioninlocaltaxesandUS$15millioninstatetaxes.AreportpublishedbytheConventionLiaisonCouncil（CLC）in1995estimatedtheeconomicimpactofconventions,expositions,meetings,andincentivetravelindustryintheUS.Inthereport,theprimarysourcesofdirectspendingrelatedtotheindustryweredesignatedaseventsponsors（bothcorporateandassociation）,associationandcorpora