会展业经济效应外文文献翻译.docx

1、会展业经济效应外文文献翻译毕业论文外文资料翻译题 目 韩国会展业的经济影响 学 院专 业班 级学 生学 号指导教师二一五年五月一日Tourism Management,2003,(24):533541Convention industry in South Korea: an economic impact analysisSamuel Seongseop Kim, Kaye ChonCollege of Hospitality and Tourism, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwanjin-Gu, Seoul, 143 747 South Kor

2、ea and School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong KongAbstract: Objective of this study was to assess the economic impact of the convention industry in Korea. An inputoutput model was usedto investigate the economic impact of the convention

3、industry in terms of output, employment, ine, value-added, and import.Considering multiplier effects, rate of exchange earnings, and substitution effect, the convention industry was pared with othermajor export products. According to results of this study, estimated economic impact of the convention

4、 industry was reported to bevery significant to the Korean economy.Keywords: Convention; An inputoutput (IO) model; Multiplier; Substitution effect1. IntroductionThe meetings, incentive travel, conventions, andexhibitions (MICE) industry is one of the fastestgrowing segments of the tourism industry

5、today, bothin a global and country specific context. According to areport of the Union of International Associations(UIA), the total number of conventions held in 2000was 9433 and the top five convention-hosting countriesinclude US (1303; 13.8% of world convention market),France (632; 6.7%), England

6、 (613; 6.5%), Germany(591; 6.3%), and Italy (430; 4.5%). These five countriesaccounted for 54.7% of the world convention market. Areport published by Successful Meetings (2001) indicated that the total meetings industry spending in 2000in the US alone amounted to$122.1 billion. This figureincludes s

7、pending by corporate and association meetingsand incentive travel market segments. The total represents an 8.6% dollar volume growth over the previousyear-in line with the average 9% year-over-year growthsince 1992 (Successful Meetings, 2001).The convention market in the AsiaPacific region hasalso i

8、ncreased by 124% during the period of 19801996(Hutchinson, 1997). Especially, Australias meetings andexhibitions are estimated to have generated around A$7billion annually in direct expenditure to the Australianeconomy (Johnson, Foo, & OHalloran, 1999). International attendants to conferences in Syd

9、ney during19961997 stayed on average 6.9 nights in the city and10 days in Australia in total, and spent on averageA$5722 on conference registration fees, acmodations,domestic airfares, shopping, restaurants, and other costswhile in Sydney, and the amount reached approximatelyA$770 per day (McCabe, P

10、oole, Weeks, & Leiper, 2000).Additionally, 79% of foreign delegates who participatedin international conventions held in Australia tended tostay in five- or four-star hotels and approximately 50% ofall international delegates participated in a pre- or postconference tour, staying on average a furthe

11、r 3.1 days inthe country (McCabe et al., 2000).The Korean government recently realized the significance of the convention industry. There existed onlysmall convention and exhibition centres before theinternational scale convention centre, COEX, wasopened in the Spring of 2000. The COEX has hostedman

12、y international conventions including the thirdAsiaEurope Meeting (ASEM) and the 14th GeneralAssembly meeting of the World Tourism Organization(WTO) ministerial meeting. At the provincial government level, EXCO-Daegu in the city of Daegu andBEXCO in the city of Busan were among the firstopened by a

13、primary source of funding by localgovernments in April and May 2001, respectively.Continuously, construction of large-scale conventioncentres has been undertaken or planned by provincial orlocal governments in order to stimulate local economy.The Korean government passed a law for the promotionof th

14、e convention industry in December 1996 toinstitutionalise the legal environment for promotingthe convention industry. With global events such as theWorld Cup and Asian Games in 2002, the rapiddevelopment of the convention industry is expected toreceive even greater attention.According to a report of

15、 the UIA, Korea ranked the24th with 109 conventions held in 2000 and the fourth inthe Asia region (Korea National Tourism Organization,2001). Thus, Korea held 1.15% of the total 9433international conventions held in 2000 around theworld. As Table 1 shows, conventions with less than100 foreign delega

16、tes occupied about 75% in 2000. Thenumber of foreign participants was 33,562 in 2000 andthe number shows a 1.7% rate of growth pared to1999 (Table 2).The reasons that the convention industry producesgreat economic impact can be largely summarised asfollows: (1) the number of delegates for one conven

17、tionis large; (2) the number of days stayed in a city orcountry is longer than pleasure travellers with otherpurposes; (3) international convention delegates arelarge spenders; (4) delegates who participate in aconvention also tend to join in pre- or post-tours (forpleasure); and (5) industries affe

18、cted by convention arevarious and interrelated. Thus, since internationalconventions have great economic impact on the hostingcity or country, many countries or cities make greatefforts in promoting the convention industry.The objective of this study was to investigate theeconomic effects of interna

19、tional conventions thatforeign delegates participate in. To investigate theeconomic impacts of the convention industry on acountry-level economy, an inputoutput (IO) modelwas used. An IO model is an appropriate approach toestimate what tourists or visitors to an area or a countryspend while they are

20、 there, which generates economicactivity directly in the form of output or sales, ine toresidents, employment, and other measures of economicbenefits (Frechtling & Horvath, 1999).Studies using IO models to explore the estimation ofthe total contributions to a local level or country leveleconomy attr

21、ibutable to tourists or visitors have been ina variety of contexts: tourists to a country (Lee & Kwon,1995), tourists to a region or local (Frechtling &Horvath,1999; Johnson & Sullivan, 1993; Uysal,Pomeroy, & Potts, 1992), festival/event (Burgan &Mules, 1992; Crompton & Kim, 1998; Crompton, Lee,& Sh

22、uster, 2001; Crompton & McKay, 1994), andgambling (Felsenstein & Freeman, 1998; Lee & Kwon,1995).Unfortunately, many studies on the economic effectsby the convention industry have not been conducted.When reviewing major tourism journals such as TourismManagement, Annals of Tourism Research, and Jour

23、nalof Travel Research, Brauns (1992) study was the onlyarticle that reported the economic effect by theconvention industry. Some reasons why studies on theeconomic impact of conventions are not popular can besuggested. First, the convention industry has recentlybeen recognized as an important touris

24、m market.Second, it is difficult to track categories of conventionspending by delegates, sponsors, or exhibitors. Third, itis difficult to disaggregate industries affected by theconvention industry because the convention industry islinked with a variety of other industries. Fourth, typesof conventio

25、ns are various according to the nature of theconvention including the type of sponsor (e.g., corporateor association), the number of delegates, the length of aconvention, a convention with/without exhibition orother types of events, scale of budget, and a conventionwith/without pre- or post-conventi

26、on tour program.Thus, these factors inhibit undertaking studies on theeconomic impacts of the convention industry on aregion or country.A study by Braun (1992) identified the economiccontribution of conventions on the economy in Orlando,Florida. He categorized types of spending for aconvention into

27、delegates, associations as a sponsor,and exhibitors. In his study, total spending by about1.67 million delegates in Orlando was estimated and theamount was further broken down into the followingcategories: lodging (US$531 million: 56%), restaurants(US$234 million: 24.7%), retail stores (US$86 millio

28、n:9.1%), entertainment (US$52 million: 5.5%), and localtransportation (US$45 million: 4.7%). Brauns (1992)study indicated that spending by associations amountedto US$94 million in Orlando during conventions:services such as banquets and catering (over US$26million: 27.6%), meetings rooms, exhibition

29、 space, andequipment rentals, and services (US$36 million: 38.3%),staff expenses on hotels, meals, and transportation(US$9 million: 9.6%), and guest speakers fees, entertainment, and programs for spouses (US$23 million:24.5%). His study discussed that exhibitors spentUS$59.2 million on food service

30、for promotion(US$34 million: 57.4%), hospitality suites (US$9.5million: 16.0%), services including contracts (US$5.7million: 9.62%), and others (US$8.2 million: 13.8%).Braun (1992) stated that convention spending directlyaffects the following sectors: hotels and other lodging;eating and drinking est

31、ablishments; miscellaneousretail; amusement and recreation; membership organizations; transportation services; business services; socialservices; building materials and garden supply; healthservices; repair services; museums, botanical gardens, andzoos. The total of US$1.19 billion in convention spe

32、ndingwas used as an export of output for the Orlando economyto produce new revenues from outside the region. The totalimpact was estimated at over 65,000 jobs, US$457 millionin ine, US$2.28 billion in output, about US$88 millionin local taxes and US$15 million in state taxes.A report published by th

33、e Convention LiaisonCouncil (CLC) in 1995 estimated the economic impactof conventions, expositions, meetings, and incentivetravel industry in the US. In the report, the primarysources of direct spending related to the industry weredesignated as event sponsors (both corporate andassociation), association and corpora