英语微生物.docx
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英语微生物
Test1:
DevelopmentofMicrobiology
1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)
1.Thefundamentalunitofalllivingorganismsisthe
Membranecellnucleuscellwall
2.Organismsthatdonotcontainatruenucleusarereferredtoas
fungieukaryoticprokaryoticnankaryotic
3.Thethreekingdomclassificationsystemoforganismswasproposedby
PasteurBaconWinogradskyWoese
4.Fungidifferfrombacteriainanumberofcharacteristics.Thecellwallsinfungiarecomposedof,whilethecellwallsofbacteriaarecomposedofpeptidoglycan
Chitinphospholipidsproteinglucosamine
5.Thefirstmicroscopesweredevelopedby
EhrlichMetchnikoffLeewenhoekLister
6.Controlofmicrobialinfectionscanbeaccomplishedbychemicalorimmunemechanisms.Thefirstreportontheproductionofanantibioticiscreditedto:
ListerFlemingEhrlichKoch
7Theterm"antibiotic"means
asubstanceproducedbythelaboratorythatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms
asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitsmolds
asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismthatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms
asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitscancercells
8ThefirstdocumenteduseofavaccineforsmallpoxwasreportedbytheEnglishphysician
Lister.FloreyFlemingJenner
9Activeimmunitycanbedistinguishedfrompassiveimmunityinthattheformerrequires:
developmentofantibodiesinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies
developmentofantibodiesinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantigens
Flemingdevelopmentofantibodiesinaforeignhostandtransfertoone'sownbody
developmentofantigensinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies
10TheprocessofnitrificationbybacteriadescribedbyWinogradskyconverts
ammoniatonitrateionsnitrateionstoammonia
N2toammoniaammoniatourea
11ThetransferofDNAfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughtheuseofaviralvectorisreferredtoas
Electroporationconjugationtransformationtransduction
12Thegeneticmaterialofabacteriaislocatedinthemolecule:
RNADNAproteinlipid
2FillintheBlank
1.Organismsthatcontainatruenucleusarecalled_______
2.Bacteriadonothaveatruenucleusandareconsidered_______
3..Bacteriacanbedividedintotwogroups,the_______andthe______
4._______areorganismsthatcangrowwithoutusingmolecularoxygen.
5.MicroorganismsthatcansynthesizecomplexorganiccompoundsfromCO2:
arecalled_______.
6.______aremicroorganismsthatobtaintheirenergytosynthesizeorganiccompoundsfromlight.
7.______requireorganiccompoundsforgrowth.
8.Organismsthatsurviveonlyatveryhightemperaturesarereferredtoas______.
9.______areorganismsthatproducemethanefromCO2.
10.______organismsgrowunderconditionsofhighsalinity
11.Eubacteriacanexhibitanumberofmorphologicalshapes.Identifyfour:
a.______b.______c.______d.______
12.Fungi,algaeandprotozoacanbedifferentiatedfrombacteriabythefollowingcharacteristic:
_______.
13.Fungihavecellwallconsistingof_______.
14.Virusesconsistof______surroundedbyaproteincoat.
15.Thescientificmethodutilizesdeductivereasoningandobservationsorexperimentstoproveordisprovea_____.
16.Thetheory_______ofheldthatlivingorganismscouldarisefromnonlivingmatter.
17.Theprocessusedtoreducethenumberofviableorganismsbymoderateheatingiscalled:
_______.
18.Theprocessoftyndallizationusesrepeatedheatingtoeliminateor_______microorganismsfromsolutions.
19.An_______isasubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatinhibitsorkillsothermicroorganisms.
20.Theprocessofstimulatingtheimmunedefensesofthebodyisreferredtoas_______.
21.Whitebloodcellsthatengulfforeignparticlesarereferredtoas______.
22.Asubstanceinserumthatcanneutralizeforeignmaterialisreferredtoas______or______.
23.Cellsinfectedwithavirusproduceasubstancecalled______thatinhibitsviralreplication.
24.Avery,ColinandMacLeodfirstdemonstratedthattransformationofnonpathogenictopathogenicstrainsofbacteriacouldbecarriedoutbythetransferof______.
25.Exchangeofgeneticinformationbydirectcontactisreferredtoas______.
26.______istheprocessinwhichDNAistransferredfromonebacteriatoanother.
Test2:
MethodsforStudyingMicroorganisms
1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)
1.Lightmicroscopyisdependentontheinteractionoflightwithonobject.Theabilityoflighttopassthroughanobjectisreferredtoas:
transportedlighttransmittedlightreflectedlightrefractedlight
2.Theresolvingpower(R)ofamicroscopeisdependentonthewavelengthoflight(;~)andthenumericalaperture(NA)ofthelens.TheformulaforRis:
R=0.5~.xNAR=0.5;~/NAR=NA/0.5JrR=Squarerootof0.5)./NA
3.Thegramstainuses~asamordanttofixtheprimarystain
Iodinealcoholacetonesafranin
4.Theacid-faststainisusefulintheidentificationofwhichofthefollowingorganisms
StaphylococcusaureusMycoplasmamycoidesMycobacteriatuberculosisMoraxellaosloensis
5.Botulismisaseriousdiseasethatcandevelopfromtheimpropercookingoffoodcontainingbacterialspores.Whichofthefollowinggeneraarecapableofproducingspores?
SalmonellaListeriaEscherichiaClostridia
6.Whichofthefollowingtypesofmicroscopesutilizeselectronbeamstovisualizeobjects?
NomarskiTEMPCMConfocal
7.Amixtureoforganismswasisolatedfromapatientsuspectedofhaving"StrepThroat."Whichtypeofmediawouldyouusetoisolatethesuspectedpathogen?
Definedenrichedselectivedifferential
8.Sterilizationofmaterialwithanautoclaveutilizessteamtokillmicroorganisms.Thecorrectprocedureforsterilizationwithanautoclaveis:
15minat121℃at15lb/in215minat256℃at15lb/in215minat121℃at1lb/in215minat121℃at1lb/in2
9.Anantibioticwasaddedtoacultureofbacteriatodetermineitseffect.Whatmethodofenumerationwouldyouusetodeterminetheefficacyoftheantibiotic?
directcountviablecountturbidimetriccountabsorbance
9.Identificationofmicroorganismscanbeaccomplishedbyanumberoftechniques.Whichofthefollowingrequiresthegrowthoftheorganism?
enzymelinkedassaygeneprobemetabolicfluorescent
2FillintheBlank
1.Amediawherealltheingredientsareknowniscalleda______media.
2.______techniqueisusedtomaintainapurecultureandavoidcontamination.
3.Sterilizationinstrumentthatutilizessteamunderpressure:
_______.
4.A______plateutilizesalooporneedletodistributeandisolatecoloniesonacultureplate.
5.______identificationutilizesantibodiesfornamingofbacterialspecies.
6.Bacteriacanbepreservedforlongperiodsoftimebyfreeze-dryingor______.
7.Themrbidimetricmethodofcountingbacteriautilizesa______tomeasuretheamountoflightpassingthroughasolution.
8.Theviableplatecountcountslivebacterialcoloniesintherangeor______to______
9.Acountingchamberandamicroscopeareusedinthe______countofbacteria.
Test3:
OrganizationandStructureofMicroorganisms
1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)
1.Eukaryoticmembranescanbedifferentiatedfromprokaryoticmembranesbecauseeukaryoticmembranescontain____aspartofthelipidcomponentofthemembrane.
Phosphatesfattyacidsproteinssterols
2.Thearrangementofproteinsandlipidsinthemembraneisreferredtoasthe:
bilayermodelfluidmosaicmodeltrilayermodelpermeablemodel
3.Themovementofwatermoleculesacrossthemembraneinresponsetoaconcentrationgradientisreferredtoas
Diffusionosmosistranslocationtransport
4.Themembraneofacellisabletodifferentiatemoleculesthatenterorexitthecellandactasa____barrier.
Semipermanentsemitransparentsemipermeablesemidiffuse
5.Movementofmoleculesatanenhancedrateacrossthemembraneiscalled
facilitateddiffusionpassivediffusionosmosispermeation
6.Whichofthefollowingmechanismstransportsmoleculeswithoutchemicalalteration?
activetransportgrouptranslocationfacilitateddiffusionbindingproteintransport
7.WhichofthefollowingtransportmechanismoccursonlyinGram-negativebacteria?
activetransportgrouptranslocationfacilitateddiffusionbindingproteintransport
8.Whichofthefollowingtransportmechanismsoccursonlyinprokaryotes?
activetransportgrouptranslocationfacilitateddiffusionbindingproteintransport
9.Lysozymeandpenicillinhaveactivityagainstthecellwall.Lysozymebreaksthiscomponent;penicillinpreventsitsformation
Lipopolysaccharidephospholipidpeptidoglycanteichoicacid
10.Partialdestructionofthecellwallwithlysozymeleavesacellcalleda:
Protoplastspheroplastperiplastcapsule
2FillintheBlank
1.Mostcellsuseenergyintheformof______torunthecell.
2.Phospholipidsofeubacterialcellsarecomposedofa______groupanda_____onaglycerolbackbone.
3.Membraneproteinsfoundonthesurfacearecalled______proteins.
4.TheenergysourceforactivetransportineukaryotesisderivedfromATP.Theenergyforactivetransportinprokaryotesisderivedfrom______.
5.TheregionbetweentheoutermembraneinGram-negativebacteriaandthecellwalliscalledthe_______.
6.ExtrachromosomalDNAelementsfoundinbacteriaarecalled________.
7.Ribosomesarestructurescomposedof_______and______.
8.Thefluidinsideacellisreferredtoasthe________.
9.Thehereditaryorganelleofeukaryoticcellsiscalledthe______.
10.Theprocessbywhichacellengulfsandinternalizesparticlessuchasbacteriaorothercellsiscalled______.
Test4:
Eukaryotes
1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)
l.Fungiareconsi