学生stylistic Features of academic writing.docx

学生stylistic Features of academic writing.docx

《学生stylistic Features of academic writing.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学生stylistic Features of academic writing.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

学生stylisticFeaturesofacademicwriting

ChapteroneStylisticFeaturesofacademicwriting

Example1

Example2

Capitalisacomplexnotion.Therearemanydefinitionsoftheworditself,andcapitalasappliedinaccountingcanbeviewedconceptuallyfromanumberofstandpoints;thatis,thereislegalcapital,financialcapitalandphysicalcapital.Theapplicationoffinancialandphysicalconceptsofcapitalisnotstraightforwardastherearevariouspermutationsoftheseconceptsappliedinthebusinessenvironment...

Capitalisadifficultthingtounderstand.Wecanexplainitindifferentways,andinaccountingwecanlookatitfromdifferentangles.Accountantstalkaboutlegalcapital,financialcapitalandphysicalcapital.Howweapplyfinancialandphysicalconceptsofcapitalisn'teasybecausepeopleinbusinessuseitdifferently...

sixmainfeaturesofacademicwriting:

complexity,formality,objectivity,explicitness,hedging,andresponsibility.

1.Complexity

1.1Lexicalcomplexity

1.1.1ComplexFormationofWords

e.g.verbs+prefix

verb

Prefix

Meaning

Example

re-

againorback

restructure,revisit,reappear,rebuild,refinance

dis-

reversesthemeaningoftheverb

disappear,disallow,disarm,disconnect,discontinue

over-

toomuch

overbook,oversleep,overwork

un-

reversesthemeaningoftheverb

unbend,uncouple,unfasten

mis-

badlyorwrongly

mislead,misinform,misidentify

out-

moreorbetterthanothers

outperform,outbid

be-

makeorcause

befriend,belittle

co-

together

co-exist,co-operate,co-own

de-

dotheoppositeof

devalue,deselect

fore-

earlier,before

foreclose,foresee

inter-

between

interact,intermix,interface

pre-

before

pre-expose,prejudge,pretest

sub-

under/below

subcontract,subdivide

trans-

across,over

transform,transcribe,transplant

under-

notenough

underfund,undersell,undervalue,underdevelop

e.g.Suffixusedtoformverbswiththemeaning“causetobe”.

Suffix

Example

-ise

stabilise,characterise,symbolise,visualise,specialise

-ate

differentiate,liquidate,pollinate,duplicate,fabricate

-fy

classify,exemplify,simplify,justify

-en

awaken,fasten,shorten,moisten

ThemostcommonprefixesusedtoformnewnounsinacademicEnglishare:

co-andsub-.Themostcommonsuffixesare:

-tion,-ity,-er,-ness,-ism,-ment,-ant,-ship,-age,-ery.ByfarthemostcommonnounaffixinacademicEnglishis-tion.

e.g.noun+prefix

noun

Prefix

Meaning

Examples

anti-

against

anticlimax,antidote,antithesis

auto-

self

autobiography,automobile

bi-

two

bilingualism,biculturalism,bi-metalism

co-

joint

co-founder,co-owner,co-descendant

counter-

against

counter-argument,counter-example,counter-proposal

dis-

theconverseof

discomfort,dislike

ex-

former

ex-chairman,ex-hunter

hyper-

extreme

hyperinflation,hypersurface

in-

theconverseof

inattention,incoherence,incompatibility

in-

inside

inpatient,

inter-

between

interaction,inter-change,interference

kilo-

thousand

kilobyte

mal-

bad

malfunction,maltreatment,malnutrition

mega-

million

megabyte

mis-

wrong

misconduct,misdeed,mismanagement

mini-

small

mini-publication,mini-theory

mono-

one

monosyllable,monograph,monogamy

neo-

new

neo-colonialism,neo-impressionism

out-

separate

outbuilding,

poly-

many

polysyllable

pseudo-

false

pseudo-expert

re-

again

re-organisation,re-assessment,re-examination

semi-

half

semicircle,semi-darkness

sub-

below

subset,subdivision

super-

morethan,above

superset,superimposition,superpowers

sur-

overandabove

surtax

tele-

distant

telecommunications,

tri-

three

tripartism

ultra-

beyond

ultrasound

under-

below,toolittle

underpayment,under-development,undergraduate

vice-

deputy

vice-president

e.g.Suffixaddedtoaverb（V）,noun（N）oradjective（A）

noun

Suffix

Meaning

Example

-tion

action/instanceofV-ing

alteration,demonstration

-ity

stateorqualityofbeingA

ability,similarity,responsibility

-er

personwhoV-ssomethingusedforV-ingpersonconcernedwithN

advertiser,drivercomputer,silencerastronomer,geographer

-ness

stateorqualityofbeingA

darkness,preparedness,consciousness

-ism

doctrineofN

Marxism,Maoism,Thatcherism

-ment

action/instanceofV-ing

development,punishment,unemployment

-ant/-ent

personwhoV-s

assistant,consultant,student

-ship

stateofbeingN

friendship,citizenship,leadership

-age

collectionofNaction/resultofV

baggage,plumagebreakage,wastage,package

-ery/-ry

action/instanceofV-ingplaceofV-ing

bribery,robbery,miseryrefinery,bakery

Manyadjectivesareformedfromabaseofadifferentclasswithasuffix（e.g.-less,-ous）.Adjectivescanalsobeformedfromotheradjectives,especiallybythenegativeprefixes（un-,in-andnon-）.Themostcommonsuffixesare-al,-ent,-ive,-ous,-ful,-less.

e.g.Suffixaddedtoverbsornouns

adjective

Suffix

Examples

-al

central,political,national,optional,professional

-ent

different,dependent,excellent

-ive

attractive,effective,imaginative,repetitive

-ous

continuous,dangerous,famous

-ful

beautiful,peaceful,careful

-less

endless,homeless,careless,thoughtless

-able

drinkable,countable,avoidable,

e.g.negative+adjective

adjective

Prefix

Examples

un-

unfortunate,uncomfortable,unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il-

immature,impatient,improbable,inconvenient,irreplaceable,illegal

non-

non-fiction,non-political,non-neutral

dis-

disloyal,dissimilar,dishonest

e.g.basewithbothprefixandsuffix

-able

-tion

-tive

-ment

-ar

un-

Uncomfortableunavoidableunforgettable

unimaginative

mis-

misinformation

misjudgement

mismanagement

re-

recoverable

recyclable

reformulation

reproductive

realignment

repayment

in-

irreplaceable

incoordination

inattention

inactive

inoperative

dis-

disconnection

disappointment

semi-

semiconductive

semi-circular

1.1.2Technicalwords

1.1.3Nominalisation

1.2Attheintra-clausallevel

1.2.1Noun-basedphrases

1.2.2Lexicaldensity

Youcancontrolthetrainsthiswayandifyoudothatyoucanbequitesurethatthey'llbeabletorunmoresafelyandmorequicklythantheywouldotherwise,nomatterhowbadtheweathergets.

withatypicalwritten variant:

1.2.3Modificationofnoun-phrases

Premodifier

adjective

Theuseofthismethodofcontrolunquestionablyleadstosaferandfastertrainrunninginthemostadverseweatherconditions.

ed-participle

abalancedbudget,theemittedlight

ing-participle

onestrikingfeatureoftheyears1929-31,existingstructures

noun

applicationareas,performancecharacteristics,datatransmissionsystems,highprecisioninstrument

Postmodifier

relativeclause

studentswhohavenopreviousexperience

to-clauses

thesolutiontotheproblemofinflation,thequestiontobedebated

ing-clauses

Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysinthesamedirection.

ed-clauses

Theresultsobtainedmustbechecked.

prepositionalphrase

weneedtobringtotheboxaspecialtoolwithaready-compressedspring

adverb（phrase）

theroadback,thepeopleoutside

adjective（phrase）

Theforcesduetofrictionarecalledfrictionalforces.

Inthisfactorytheonlyfuelavailableiscoal.

1.2.4Subordinateclauses

1.2.5Passiveverbs

2．Formality

Exercise1Avoidinginformallanguage

Identifytheinformalexpressionsinthefollowingsentences.Rewritethefollowingsentences,replacingtheinformalexpressionswithamoreformalequivalent.

1.Withwomenespecially,thereisalotofsocialpressuretoconformtoacertainphysicalshape.

2.Significantly,evenatthislatedate,Lautrecwasconsideredabitconservativebyhispeers.

3.Itfocusedonasubjectthatalotofthebourgeoisandupper-classexhibition-goingpublicregardedasanti-socialandanti-establishment.

4.LaterFloreygottogetherwithPaulFildesinanexperimentalstudyoftheuseofcuraretorelievetheintractablemuscularspasmswhichoccurinfullydevelopedinfectionwithtetanusorlockjaw.

5.Whenapatientisadmittedtoapsychiatricinpatientunit,theclinicalteamshouldavoidthetemptationtostartspecifictreatmentsimmediately.

6.Thereforeaftersixmonthsthedieterisbehavingaccordingtoalltwenty-sixgoalsandshehasachievedabigreductioninsugarintake.

7.Modernhouseshavesomanylabour-savingthingsthatitisdifficultforthepersonathometohaveadequateexercisebydoingchores,cooking,andlookingafterafamily.

8.Simplymakingtheefforttoreclaimthiswastedstuffforfertilizerwouldhaveapositiveeffectongreenhousereleases.

9.Itisdifficulttoimagineexactlywhatismeantbysayingthatsuchaclassificationisnaturalasanycollectionofthingscouldbeclassifiedinthisway.

10.Unfortunately,sincetherearesomanypossibleexplanations,thecorrectoneismostdifficulttofindout.

11.Theseexercisescaneasilybeincorporatedintoanexerciseroutine,witheachexercisedoneagainanumberoftimes.

12.Flemingdidwellinisolatingastreptococcusfromthecerebrospinalfluidofthepatient.

13.Effectivevaccinespreventsuchhazards,butonlyifasocialorganisationmakessurethatallpotentialmothersarevaccinatedingoodtime.

Exercise2:

Avoidingabbreviations

Rewritethefollowingsentences,replacingtheinformalabbreviatedformwithamoreformalequivalent.

1.TheradicalrestructuringofBritishpoliticsafter1931does'tlieintheeventsof13-28August,butinthechangingattitudeswithintheNationalGovernment.

2.Thisisn'teasytodosincemosthistorianspersistinspeakingofTheNationalGovernmentasifthe