20世纪90年代以来印度茶产业的发展外文翻译.docx

20世纪90年代以来印度茶产业的发展外文翻译.docx

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20世纪90年代以来印度茶产业的发展外文翻译

中文2557字

外文翻译

原文

IndianTeaIndustrySince1990's

MaterialSource:

SocialScienceResearchNetwork

Author:

SubhajitSubhajitSr

INTRODUCTION

TeaismadefromtheyoungleavesandleafbudsoftheteabushCamelliasinensis.AncientChineseandJapaneselegendsrefertoabeveragemadefromaninfusionofdriedtealeaves.In1833,theEastIndiaCompany,afterlosingitslegalmonopolyoftheteatradebetweenChinaandBritain,begantolookforothersourcesofsupply.Asaresult,thecultivationofteainIndiabeganin1834,withtheplantingofwildteafoundgrowinginAssamin1823.

TheteaindustryhasanimportantandspecialplaceintheIndianeconomy.Teaisthecountry'sprimarybeverage,withalmost85%oftotalhouseholdsinthecountryconsumingtea.Indiaistheworld'slargestproducerandconsumeroftea,withIndiaaccountingfor27%oftheworldteaproduction.India'sexpenditureonbeveragesandprocessedfoodsaccountsfor8%offoodexpenditureinruralareas,and15%inurbanareas.Indiaisalsoanimportantteaexporter,accountingforaround12-13%ofworldteaexports.Further,certainvarietiesoftea（forexampleDarjeeling）aregrownonlyinIndiaandareingreatdemandacrosstheworld.AllDarjeelingteaspossessthelightnessofflavorandfinecoloringthatsetthemapartfromallotherteas.India'steaindustryexportswereestimatedatRs.17.31billionduringFY2006,accountingfor0.4%ofIndia'sexports.Invalueterms,tearanksasthefourth-largestagriculturalproductexportitemfromIndia,withexportsofaroundUS$410millionin2004.Intermsofemployment,theteaindustryemploysaround1.27millionpeopleatteaplantations,and2millionpeopleindirectly,ofwhich50%arewomen.Thelastfactisparticularlyimportantwhenweconsiderthatteaindustry,toalargeextent,drivestheeconomiesoftheregionswheretheteagardensareconcentrated,forexampleAssam.TeaistheprimebeverageconsumedinIndia,andprivatefinalconsumptionexpenditure（PFCE）ontea,coffeeandcocoaaggregatedRs.134.96billioninFY2005,accountingforaround2%ofIndia'sPFCEonfood,and0.7%ofIndia'sPFCE.Thelatestavailabledataindicatesthatteaaccountsfor90.6%forIndia'sconsumptionofstimulants（tea,coffee,andcocoabeans）,followedbycoffee（7.7%）,andcocoabeans（1.7%）.

TeaplantationsinIndiaaremainlylocatedinruralhillsandbackwardareasofNorth-easternandSouthernStates.MajorteagrowingareasofthecountryareconcentratedinAssam,WestBengal,TamilNaduandKerala.TheotherareaswhereteaisgrowntoasmallextentareKarnataka,TripuraHimachalPradesh,Uttaranchal,ArunachalPradesh,Manipur,Sikkim,Nagaland,Meghalaya,Mizoram,BiharandOrissa.NowifweboildowntothemanufacturingcounterpartofIndianteaindustrythenwewillseethatthesectoriscomparativelysmall.Infacttheteaasanagriculturaloutputearnsmoremoneyfotthecountrythanasamanufacturedproduct.ButthisbynomeansindicatethatteamanufacturingisanascentconceptinIndia.AswewillseethattheonlyplayerthathascrossedthesevenseastopromotebradedteainformofPolypacksetcisTataTea.Butthefactthattherearenoothermajorhousewhichhaspromoteditselfasateamanufacturinghouseprovidesenoughscopetothehousesthemselvestoimprovetheirstatus.Buttherearesomeintrinsicproblemswhichwewilldiscussaboutinthereport.

1．BASICISSUESINTEAPRODUCTION

1）PRODUCTION

Nowwhenwesayteaproductionwemustbecarefulaboutmanufacturedteaandunmanufacturedtea.Nowwhenwespeakofunmanufacturedteawearebasicallyspeakingabouttheteathatwegetafterfermentationofthetealeafs.Infactthisteaisauctionedofandthenitisblendedsoastogetthenamemanufacturedtea.Nowthismanufacturesteaisbothpacketedandsoldaspolypacksorotherforms（teabags,cartons,instantteaetc）.Butunfortunatelyifwecomparethequantityofunmanufacturedteatothatofmanufacturedwewillseethattheformerismuchlargercomparedtothatofthelater.InfactteamanufacturingsectorcontributesverylesstotheIndianmanufacturingsector.Therefore,inthisanalysisdataformanufacturedteawasunavailablesowhathasbeenreportedisproductionofunmanufacturedi.e.blacktea.Wecanuseitasaroughestimateofhowtheteaindustryhasdoneactually,assupplyofmanufacturedteainsomewaydependsupontheoutputofblacktea.Theaveragegrowthrateofproductionofunmanufacturedteasince1992hasbeenaround1.7%annually.

Thetrendinitsgrowthinproductioncanbeunderstoodfromthefollowingdiagram.

Themajorobservationsare:

•Teaproductionincreased3.9%duringCY2005,ascomparedwithagrowthof1.7%duringCY2004.

•ThehigherincreaseinteaproductionduringCY2005wasmainlybecauseofsignificantincreaseinAssam'sproduction,whichoffsetproductiondeclinesinTN.During2004,whileteaproductionhaddeclinedinAssambecauseoffloods,teaproductioninTNwasaffectedbydroughtconditions.

WemustalsomakementionaboutthefactintermsofteaproductionNorthIndiaisaleader.ThisisprimarilyduetothehugecontributionmadebyAssamintermsofteaproduction.Assamcontributesabout53%oftotalteaproducedinthecountry.Classificationofteaproductionintermsofregionshasbeenrepresentedinthefollowinggraph.

2）EXPORT

India'sinternationalcompetitivenessinteaexportshasbeenonadecline.Frombeingapre-eminentsupplieroftheworld'stea,Indiahaslostgroundinvirtuallyeveryexportmarket.Intheearly1980s,Indianteaexportsaccountedforaround40%ofthedomesticproduction.Bytheendof1980s,theshareoftheteaexportsfellto30%.Thedeclinecontinueduntil1994whenexportsaccountedforonly20%ofthedomesticproductionoftea.Thereafter,theproportionofexportsimprovedtoaround24%ofthedomesticproductionduring2003.

Nowonethingwewillnoticeisthatexporthasgoneuptill1998andbutthensubsequentlyhasdeclinedtill2003.Nowtherehavebeenmajorsetbacksintheteaindustryduringthistimespan.Infactwhenwestudythemarketstructurelaterwewillseethatthemajormarketplayershavealsonotdonetoowellduringthistimezone.Nowtherearemajorreasonswhytheteasectordidnotdidwellduringthistimespan.Wecancategorizethemasfollows.

•StiffcompetitionfromotherproducingandexportingcountrieslikeSriLanka,China,Indonesia,VietnamandKenya.Veryrecently,SriLankaduetoitscheaphighqualityteahascauseddeclineintheIndiashareofteaexporttotheworld.

•Antiexporttariffandnon-tariffmeasuresimposedbysometeaimportingcountries.

•LowerofftakebyRussia（oneofthemajorteaimporterduetochangeinconsumerpreferences,lowerproductionoforthodoxteaswhichhavealargerdemandworldwide.

•QualityproblemsandthehighercostofproductionandpricesofIndiantea-thisisprimarilybecausemostoftheteagardensinNorthEasternIndiaareclosingdownduetomajorlaborproblemsleadingtosupplyofinferiorqualityoftea.ThishasledtodentinthegoodwillthatIndiahasincaseofteaexport.

•DuetofrictionsbetweenIranandIraq,thereweremajorstructuralchangesinIraqwhowasoneoftheprimeimportersofIndiantea.AsaresultIraqstartedtobidverylowforIndianteaininternationalauction.ThiscausedtheIndiateamarkettolooseIraqasaprospectivecustomer.

ButasacounterreformationofthiscrisisperiodoneofthemajorplayersinIndiateamarketnamelyTataTeapromotedtheconceptofpolypackswhichactuallystarteddoingverywellinsatisfyingthedomesticdemandfrom1998onwards.Infacttheexportcrisisinthelate1990’sactuallyallowedthepolypackstotakeoverthedomesticmarket.Nowifwetrytostudytheexportpatternbasedonthecategoryofteathenweseethatalthoughmoreamountofpacketteahasbeenexportedbutifwecomparetheaverageannualgrowthrateofthethreecategorieswewillseethatthepacketteacategoryisthelaggardcategory.

Until1998,exportofpacketteagrewatanaverageannualrateof13%whilecomparedtothisteabagandinstantteagrewby31.8%and18.5%respectively.Thisshowsthatwithtimepeople’sbeliefinmanufacturedteahasincreased.Thisisprimarilyduetothesuccessfulbrandingofteathatwasdonebythemajormarketplayers.However，since1998exportofallcategorieshavegonedownduetoreasons,whichwehavealreadydiscussed.AsofnowEgyptislikelytobecomeamajordestinationforIndianteaexports.TheEgyptgovernmentisreportedtohavedirectedoneofthestate-ownedagencies,ElNasr,toimport24millionkgofIndianteaintheyearof2007.Atpresent,Egypt,beingamemberofCOMESA（commonmarketsforeasternandsouthernAfrica）importsteafromtwootherCOMESAmembers–UgandaandKenya.Till1998,Indiausedtoexportnearly15millionkgofteatoEgypt.Butin1999,whenEgyptbecameamemberofCOMESA,itimposeda30%importdutyonIndiantea.Subsequently,Indianexportswentdowndrastically.EgypthasnowslasheddutyonIndianteato2%andIndianteaproducersresumedexportingtothecountryinasmallway.TheITA（IndianTeaAssociation）hasalreadyidentifiedaprimespaceinCairotosetuptheteacenter.TeaBoardaswellasConsultativeCommitteeonPlanters’Association（CCPA）willprovidethenecessaryfinancetosetupthecenter.

译文

20世纪90年代以来印度茶产业的发展

资料来源:

SocialScienceResearchNetwork

作者：

SubhajitSubhajitSr

简介

茶是由茶树的嫩叶和叶芽制成。

古代中国和日本所说的茶是指一种由干茶叶泡出的液体饮品。

1833年，东印度公司在其失去了中国和英国茶叶贸易的垄断地位以后，开始寻找其他供应来源。

因此，茶叶在1834年开始在印度种植，在1823年野生茶叶被发现在阿萨姆种植。

茶叶在印度经济中有着重要和特殊的地位。

茶是这个国家最主要的饮料，国内有将近85%的家庭消费茶。

印度作为世界上最大的茶叶生产国和消费国，