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英语语法大全句子的转换与合并doc
英语语法大全--句子的转换与合并
Ⅰ.简单句之间的转换
1781句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构,而不改变其原来的意义。
这是一种有用的练习,可以学会许多不同的说法,能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。
A.主动语态与被动语态之间的转换
一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构,也可从被动结构变为主动结构(参阅1207—1209):
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies.
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished.
Theyputhimtodeath.
Hewasputtodeath.
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish.
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen.
B.肯定句与否定句之间的转换
一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式,也可由否定形式变为肯定形式:
Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty.
Iamnotsureofhishonesty.
Fewunderstandit.
Notmanyunderstandit.
Heissometimessilly.
Heisnotalwaysclever.
Itistidy.
Itisnotuntidy.
Healwaysobjected.
Heneveragreed.
Hefailedtocome.
Hedidnotcome.
Shetoldthestorywithtears.
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears.
Onlyheknowsit.
Nobodyelseknowsit.
Helackscourage.
Heiswithoutcourage.
Heisverytired.
Heisnotalittletired.
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness.
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness.
C.反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换
反问型问句(RhetoricalQuestions)可以转变为陈述句:
Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife?
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife.
CanIsayanything?
Icannotsayanything.
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost?
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere.
Whocaresaboutyou?
Nobodycaresaboutyou.
WhyshouldIapologize?
Ishouldnotapologize.
D.不同词类之间的转换
几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。
可以是:
1.动词与名词间的转换:
Ourenemyisstrengthening.
Ourenemyisgainingstrength.
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother.
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother.Itsmellsgood.
Ithasagoodsmell.
Johndisgracesourfamily.
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily.
2.动词与形容词之间的转换:
Heneglectsmyadvice.
Heisnegligentofmyadvice.
Hefearsnothing.
Heisafraidofnothing.
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude.
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude.
Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet.
Theymadethestreetwideandlong.
3.动词与副词间的转换:
HesucceededinadvisingMary.
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully.
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival.
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully.
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty.
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful.
4.名词与形容词间的转换:
Heisamanofwealth.
Heisawealthyman.
Heisahusbandwithnoheart,sheisawifewithalongtongue.
Heisaheartlesshusband,sheisalong-tonguedwife.“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee.”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife.”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance.
Thispolicyisveryimportant.
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads.
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster.
5.名词与副词间的转换:
Pleasehandleitwithcare.
Pleasehandleitcarefully.
Inallprobability,itwillrainthisevening.
Mostprobably,itwillrainthisevening.
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph.
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly.
6.形容词与副词间的转换:
Afteracarefulanalysis,thefoodprovespoisonous.
Carefullyanalysed,thefoodprovespoisonous.
Hehateshardwork.
Hehatestoworkhard.
7.介词与连词间的转换:
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness.
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish.
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn.
Iwillwaituntilhereturns.
图解:
Ⅱ.简单句与复合句之间的转换
1782一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句,反过来也如此:
—Sittingdown,hereadtheletter.
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter.
Theguestleaving,Iwenttobed.
Theguestleft,andthenIwenttobed.
Beingtiredoflife,herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives.
—Heistiredoflife,soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives.
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment.
Heranaway,orhewouldbepunished.
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily.
Hehastoworkhard,otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily.
Outofadesiretopleasehermother,hesentherthingsfromtimetotime.
Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime,forhedesirestopleaseher.
—Besidessellingrice,heteachesarithmeticintheevening.
Hesellsrice,andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening.
Withallhisefforts,hefailed.
Hemadeallefforts,buthefailed.
Byhisgoodmanners,hewinsherheart.
Hehasgoodmanners,thereforehewinsherheart.
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery.
Theboyisbrave,soheisrewarded.
图解:
Ⅲ.简单句与复杂句之间的转换
1783一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句,反过来也如此:
A.名词从句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival.
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive.
Ibelieveyourstatement.
Ibelievewhatyoustate.
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart.
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart.
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour.
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved.
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy.
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy.
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness.Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness.Ilearnofhissuccess.
Ilearnthathehassucceeded.
Hisarrivalisagreatevent.
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent.
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem.Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty.
图解:
B.定语从句
Heisaself-mademan.
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts.
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry.
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor.
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage.
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn.
Shewearsasea-blueskirt.
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea.
Weneedanatom-smashingmachine.
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms.
Ihavenothingtosay.
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay.
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers.
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem.
图解:
C.状语从句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather.
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied.
After20yearsofservice,heretired.
Whenhehadserved20years,heretired.
Hediedinhisnativeplace.
Hediedwherehewasborn.
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness.
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill.
Inspiteofmyadvice,hepersistedingoingoutwithher.
AlthoughIadvisedhim,hepersistedingoingoutwithher.
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent.
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike.
Withoutanywater,thisplantcannotlive.
Unlessitgetssomewater,thisplantcannotlive.
Heistootiredtoworkanymore.
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore.
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim.
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished.
注:
1782中大部分短语不仅可以变为并列的分句,也可以变为状语从句。
图解:
Ⅳ.复杂句与复合句之间的转换
1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain.
Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling,hewishedtogambleagain.
Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool.
Ifheisinterestedinart,heshouldgotosomefineartsschool.
Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree.
Ifyourecedeonestep,theywillproceedthree.
Heispoor,butheisproud.
Althoughheispoor,heisproud.
Hehasfailed,yethehasdonehisbest.
Althoughhehasfailed,hehasdonehisbest.
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry.
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry.
Hemustlivearegularlife,otherwisehewillfallill.
Unlesshelivesaregularlife,hewillfallill.
Heisaverygoodteacher,sothestudentslikehim.
Thestudentslikehim,becauseheisagoodteacher.
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay,thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly.
Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay,theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly.
图解:
Ⅴ.直接引语和间接引语之间的转换
1785说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。
如果引用他的原话,就称作直接引语。
因此Hesaid,“Iamveryill.”为直接引语。
如果按引用人的观点来引用,则称为间接引语。
因此Hesaidthathewasveryill.为间接引语。
Said这样的动词称为引话动词,它前面的主语,例如he,可称为第一主语。
引语中的主语,如I及he,称为第二主语。
引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。
当直接引语转换为间接引语,或间接引语转换为直接引语时,有几个问题需要注意。
A.大写与标点
直接引语放在引号之内,第一个字母要大写,引号前加逗号(间或用冒号),引语末加句号、问号或感叹号,但在间接引语中却不加这些。
间接引语必须由that,whether(if)或疑问词(who,why,when等)开头,末尾要加句号。
此外,在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序(助动词放在主语前面),但在间接引语中,问句则需变为自然语序:
Isay,“Hewillcome.”
Isaythathewillcome.
Isay:
“Whenwillhecome?
”
Iaskwhenhewillcome.
B.引话动词与第二动词
引话动词可以是say,remark,observe,claim,explain,con-firm;ask,enquire,question;answer,reply;declare,announce;beg,urge,suggest,request,demand;order,command;object,deny,admit,agree,argue;warn,threaten;think,reflect,consider;write,cable,phone,telex;shout,laugh,sneer等等。
若引话动词是现在时或将来时,则当引语由直接变为间接时,第二动词照旧不变。
但若引话动词是过去时,则间接引语中的第二动词,就要由现在时变为过去时,由过去时变为过去完成时等。
Isay(orwillsay)tohim,“Johnarrives(orwillarrive,arrived)onSunday.”
Isay(orwillsay)tohimthatJohnarrives(orwillarrive,arrived)onSunday.
Isaidtohim,“Johnarrives(orwillarrive,arrived)onSunday.
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived(orwouldarrive,hadarrived)onSunday.
C.引话动词与连词
1.如果间接引语为陈述句,它前面通常都有:
saythat,knowthat,tellhimthat,statethat,…
2.如果它是问句,它前面通常有:
ask(him)whether(orif),inquire(ofhim)whether,demand(ofhim)whether,wonderwhether,wanttoknowwhether;或ask(him)+W(即疑问词,如who,whom,when,why,which),inquire(ofhim)+W,…
3.如果它是感叹句,它前面通常有:
exclaimthat,cryoutwithjoythat,…
4.如果间接引语为祈使句,它前面通常有:
demandthat,askthat,requestthat,advisethat,orderthat,…且里面包含助动词should.此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语,这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词:
1.Isaid,“Youareaniceboy”.
Isaidthathewasaniceboy.
Ithought,“Youwillfailagain.”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain.
2.Isaid,“Areyouaniceboy?
”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy.
Ithoughttomyself,“Willhefailagain?
”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain.
Ienquiredofhim,“Whoknowsit?
”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit.
3.Isaid,“Whataniceboyyouare!
”
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy.
Isaid,“Hurrah!
Wehavewonthebattle.”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle.
Hesaid,“Curseit!
Youareafool.”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool.
Hesaid,“Bravo!
Youhavedonesomethingwonder-ful.”
Heapplaudedme,sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful.
4.Isaidtohim,“Beaniceboy.”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy.
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy.
Isaidtohim,“Seemeatthesta