物理学专业英语.docx
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物理学专业英语
华中师范大学物理学院
物理学专业英语
仅供内部学习参考!
2014
一、课程的任务和教学目的
通过学习《物理学专业英语》,学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法,进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。
通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文,学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想,提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。
培养专业英语阅读能力,了解科技英语的特点,提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度;掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇,基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读;达到一定的笔译水平。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
二、课程内容
课程内容包括以下章节:
物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论
三、基本要求
1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量(约1200~1500词/学时),要求正确理解原文。
2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物,要求基本理解原文主要内容。
3.掌握基本专业词汇(不少于200词)。
4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献,并能简单地进行写作的能力。
四、参考书
目录
1Physics物理学1
Introductiontophysics1
Classicalandmodernphysics2
Researchfields4
Vocabulary7
2Classicalmechanics经典力学10
Introduction10
Descriptionofclassicalmechanics10
Momentumandcollisions14
Angularmomentum15
Vocabulary16
3Thermodynamics热力学18
Introduction18
Lawsofthermodynamics21
Systemmodels22
Thermodynamicprocesses27
Scopeofthermodynamics29
Vocabulary30
4Electromagnetism电磁学33
Introduction33
Electrostatics33
Magnetostatics35
Electromagneticinduction40
Vocabulary43
5Optics光学45
Introduction45
Geometricaloptics45
Physicaloptics47
Polarization50
Vocabulary51
6Atomicphysics原子物理52
Introduction52
Electronicconfiguration52
Excitationandionization56
Vocabulary59
7Statisticalmechanics统计力学60
Overview60
Fundamentals60
Statisticalensembles63
Vocabulary65
8Quantummechanics量子力学67
Introduction67
Mathematicalformulations68
Quantization71
Wave-particleduality72
Quantumentanglement75
Vocabulary77
9Specialrelativity狭义相对论79
Introduction79
Relativityofsimultaneity80
Lorentztransformations80
Timedilationandlengthcontraction81
Mass-energyequivalence82
Relativisticenergy-momentumrelation86
Vocabulary89
正文标记说明:
蓝色Arial字体(例如energy):
已知的专业词汇
蓝色Arial字体加下划线(例如electromagnetism):
新学的专业词汇
黑色TimesNewRoman字体加下划线(例如postulate):
新学的普通词汇
1Physics物理学
Introductiontophysics
Physicsisapartofnaturalphilosophyandanaturalsciencethatinvolvesthestudyofmatteranditsmotionthroughspaceandtime,alongwithrelatedconceptssuchasenergyandforce.Morebroadly,itisthegeneralanalysisofnature,conductedinordertounderstandhowtheuniversebehaves.
Physicsisoneoftheoldestacademicdisciplines,perhapstheoldestthroughitsinclusionofastronomy.Overthelasttwomillennia,physicswasapartofnaturalphilosophyalongwithchemistry,certainbranchesofmathematics,andbiology,butduringtheScientificRevolutioninthe17thcentury,thenaturalsciencesemergedasuniqueresearchprogramsintheirownright.Physicsintersectswithmanyinterdisciplinaryareasofresearch,suchasbiophysicsandquantumchemistry,andtheboundariesofphysicsarenotrigidlydefined.Newideasinphysicsoftenexplainthefundamentalmechanismsofothersciences,whileopeningnewavenuesofresearchinareassuchasmathematicsandphilosophy.
Physicsalsomakessignificantcontributionsthroughadvancesinnewtechnologiesthatarisefromtheoreticalbreakthroughs.Forexample,advancesintheunderstandingofelectromagnetismornuclearphysicsleddirectlytothedevelopmentofnewproductswhichhavedramaticallytransformedmodern-daysociety,suchastelevision,computers,domesticappliances,andnuclearweapons;advancesinthermodynamicsledtothedevelopmentofindustrialization;andadvancesinmechanicsinspiredthedevelopmentofcalculus.
Coretheories
Thoughphysicsdealswithawidevarietyofsystems,certaintheoriesareusedbyallphysicists.Eachofthesetheorieswereexperimentallytestednumeroustimesandfoundcorrectasanapproximationofnature(withinacertaindomainofvalidity).
Forinstance,thetheoryofclassicalmechanicsaccuratelydescribesthemotionofobjects,providedtheyaremuchlargerthanatomsandmovingatmuchlessthanthespeedoflight.Thesetheoriescontinuetobeareasofactiveresearch,andaremarkableaspectofclassicalmechanicsknownaschaoswasdiscoveredinthe20thcentury,threecenturiesaftertheoriginalformulationofclassicalmechanicsbyIsaacNewton(1642–1727)【艾萨克·牛顿】.
Thesecentraltheoriesareimportanttoolsforresearchintomorespecializedtopics,andanyphysicist,regardlessofhisorherspecialization,isexpectedtobeliterateinthem.Theseincludeclassicalmechanics,quantummechanics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,electromagnetism,andspecialrelativity.
Classicalandmodernphysics
Classicalmechanics
Classicalphysicsincludesthetraditionalbranchesandtopicsthatwererecognizedandwell-developedbeforethebeginningofthe20thcentury—classicalmechanics,acoustics,optics,thermodynamics,andelectromagnetism.
Classicalmechanicsisconcernedwithbodiesactedonbyforcesandbodiesinmotionandmaybedividedintostatics(studyoftheforcesonabodyorbodiesatrest),kinematics(studyofmotionwithoutregardtoitscauses),anddynamics(studyofmotionandtheforcesthataffectit);mechanicsmayalsobedividedintosolidmechanicsandfluidmechanics(knowntogetherascontinuummechanics),thelatterincludingsuchbranchesashydrostatics,hydrodynamics,aerodynamics,andpneumatics.
Acousticsisthestudyofhowsoundisproduced,controlled,transmittedandreceived.Importantmodernbranchesofacousticsincludeultrasonics,thestudyofsoundwavesofveryhighfrequencybeyondtherangeofhumanhearing;bioacousticsthephysicsofanimalcallsandhearing,andelectroacoustics,themanipulationofaudiblesoundwavesusingelectronics.
Optics,thestudyoflight,isconcernednotonlywithvisiblelightbutalsowithinfraredandultravioletradiation,whichexhibitallofthephenomenaofvisiblelightexceptvisibility,e.g.,reflection,refraction,interference,diffraction,dispersion,andpolarizationoflight.
Heatisaformofenergy,theinternalenergypossessedbytheparticlesofwhichasubstanceiscomposed;thermodynamicsdealswiththerelationshipsbetweenheatandotherformsofenergy.
Electricityandmagnetismhavebeenstudiedasasinglebranchofphysicssincetheintimateconnectionbetweenthemwasdiscoveredintheearly19thcentury;anelectriccurrentgivesrisetoamagneticfieldandachangingmagneticfieldinducesanelectriccurrent.Electrostaticsdealswithelectricchargesatrest,electrodynamicswithmovingcharges,andmagnetostaticswithmagneticpolesatrest.
ModernPhysics
Classicalphysicsisgenerallyconcernedwithmatterandenergyonthenormalscaleofobservation,whilemuchofmodernphysicsisconcernedwiththebehaviorofmatterandenergyunderextremeconditionsorontheverylargeorverysmallscale.
Forexample,atomicandnuclearphysicsstudiesmatteronthesmallestscaleatwhichchemicalelementscanbeidentified.
Thephysicsofelementaryparticlesisonanevensmallerscale,asitisconcernedwiththemostbasicunitsofmatter;thisbranchofphysicsisalsoknownashigh-energyphysicsbecauseoftheextremelyhighenergiesnecessarytoproducemanytypesofparticlesinlargeparticleaccelerators.Onthisscale,ordinary,commonsensenotionsofspace,time,matter,andenergyarenolongervalid.
Thetwochieftheoriesofmodernphysicspresentadifferentpictureoftheconceptsofspace,time,andmatterfromthatpresentedbyclassicalphysics.
Quantumtheoryisconcernedwiththediscrete,ratherthancontinuous,natureofmanyphenomenaattheatomicandsubatomiclevel,andwiththecomplementaryaspectsofparticlesandwavesinthedescriptionofsuchphenomena.
Thetheoryofrelativityisconcernedwiththedescriptionofphenomenathattakeplaceinaframeofreferencethatisinmotionwithrespecttoanobserver;thespecialtheoryofrelativityisconcernedwithrelativeuniformmotioninastraightlineandthegeneraltheoryofrelativitywithacceleratedmotionanditsconnectionwithgravitation.
Bothquantumtheoryandthetheoryofrelativityfindapplicationsinallareasofmodernphysics.
Differencebetweenclassicalandmodernphysics
Whilephysicsaimstodiscoveruniversallaws,itstheorieslieinexplicitdomainsofapplicability.Looselyspeaking,thelawsofclassicalphysicsaccuratelydescribesystemswhoseimportantlengthscalesaregreaterthantheatomicscaleandwhosemotionsaremuchslowerthanthespeedoflight.Outsideofthisdomain,observationsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.
AlbertEinstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributedtheframeworkofspecialrelativity,whichreplacednotionsofabsolutetimeandspacewithspace-timeandallowedanaccuratedescriptionofsystemswhosecomponentshavespeedsapproachingthespeedoflight.
MaxPlanck【普朗克】,ErwinSchrödinger【薛定谔】,andothersintroducedquantummechanics,aprobabilisticnotionofparticlesandinteractionsthatallowedanaccuratedescriptionofatomicandsubatomicscales.
Later,quantumfieldtheoryunifiedquantummechanicsandspecialrelativity.
Generalrelativityallowedforadynamical,curvedspace-time,withwhichhighlymassivesystemsandthelarge-scalestructureoftheuniversecanbewell-described.Generalrelativityhasnotyetbeenunifiedwiththeotherfundamentaldescriptions;severalcandidatetheoriesofquantumgravityarebeingdeveloped.
Researchfields
Contemporaryresearchinphysicscanbebroadlydividedintocondensedmatterphysics;atomic,molecular,andopticalphysics;particlephysics;astrophysics;geophysicsandbiophysics.SomephysicsdepartmentsalsosupportresearchinPhysicseducation.
Sincethe20thcentury,theindividualfieldsofphysicshavebecomeincreasinglyspecialized,andtodaymostphysicistsworkinasinglefieldfortheirentirecareers."Universalists"suchasAlbertEinstein(1879–1955)andLevLandau(1908–196