物理学专业英语.docx

物理学专业英语.docx

《物理学专业英语.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《物理学专业英语.docx（119页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

物理学专业英语

华中师范大学物理学院

物理学专业英语

仅供内部学习参考！

2014

一、课程的任务和教学目的

通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。

通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。

培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

二、课程内容

课程内容包括以下章节：

物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论

三、基本要求

1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。

2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。

3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。

4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。

四、参考书

目录

1Physics物理学1

Introductiontophysics1

Classicalandmodernphysics2

Researchfields4

Vocabulary7

2Classicalmechanics经典力学10

Introduction10

Descriptionofclassicalmechanics10

Momentumandcollisions14

Angularmomentum15

Vocabulary16

3Thermodynamics热力学18

Introduction18

Lawsofthermodynamics21

Systemmodels22

Thermodynamicprocesses27

Scopeofthermodynamics29

Vocabulary30

4Electromagnetism电磁学33

Introduction33

Electrostatics33

Magnetostatics35

Electromagneticinduction40

Vocabulary43

5Optics光学45

Introduction45

Geometricaloptics45

Physicaloptics47

Polarization50

Vocabulary51

6Atomicphysics原子物理52

Introduction52

Electronicconfiguration52

Excitationandionization56

Vocabulary59

7Statisticalmechanics统计力学60

Overview60

Fundamentals60

Statisticalensembles63

Vocabulary65

8Quantummechanics量子力学67

Introduction67

Mathematicalformulations68

Quantization71

Wave-particleduality72

Quantumentanglement75

Vocabulary77

9Specialrelativity狭义相对论79

Introduction79

Relativityofsimultaneity80

Lorentztransformations80

Timedilationandlengthcontraction81

Mass-energyequivalence82

Relativisticenergy-momentumrelation86

Vocabulary89

正文标记说明：

蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：

已知的专业词汇

蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：

新学的专业词汇

黑色TimesNewRoman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：

新学的普通词汇

1Physics物理学

Introductiontophysics

Physicsisapartofnaturalphilosophyandanaturalsciencethatinvolvesthestudyofmatteranditsmotionthroughspaceandtime,alongwithrelatedconceptssuchasenergyandforce.Morebroadly,itisthegeneralanalysisofnature,conductedinordertounderstandhowtheuniversebehaves.

Physicsisoneoftheoldestacademicdisciplines,perhapstheoldestthroughitsinclusionofastronomy.Overthelasttwomillennia,physicswasapartofnaturalphilosophyalongwithchemistry,certainbranchesofmathematics,andbiology,butduringtheScientificRevolutioninthe17thcentury,thenaturalsciencesemergedasuniqueresearchprogramsintheirownright.Physicsintersectswithmanyinterdisciplinaryareasofresearch,suchasbiophysicsandquantumchemistry,andtheboundariesofphysicsarenotrigidlydefined.Newideasinphysicsoftenexplainthefundamentalmechanismsofothersciences,whileopeningnewavenuesofresearchinareassuchasmathematicsandphilosophy.

Physicsalsomakessignificantcontributionsthroughadvancesinnewtechnologiesthatarisefromtheoreticalbreakthroughs.Forexample,advancesintheunderstandingofelectromagnetismornuclearphysicsleddirectlytothedevelopmentofnewproductswhichhavedramaticallytransformedmodern-daysociety,suchastelevision,computers,domesticappliances,andnuclearweapons;advancesinthermodynamicsledtothedevelopmentofindustrialization;andadvancesinmechanicsinspiredthedevelopmentofcalculus.

Coretheories

Thoughphysicsdealswithawidevarietyofsystems,certaintheoriesareusedbyallphysicists.Eachofthesetheorieswereexperimentallytestednumeroustimesandfoundcorrectasanapproximationofnature（withinacertaindomainofvalidity）.

Forinstance,thetheoryofclassicalmechanicsaccuratelydescribesthemotionofobjects,providedtheyaremuchlargerthanatomsandmovingatmuchlessthanthespeedoflight.Thesetheoriescontinuetobeareasofactiveresearch,andaremarkableaspectofclassicalmechanicsknownaschaoswasdiscoveredinthe20thcentury,threecenturiesaftertheoriginalformulationofclassicalmechanicsbyIsaacNewton（1642–1727）【艾萨克·牛顿】.

Thesecentraltheoriesareimportanttoolsforresearchintomorespecializedtopics,andanyphysicist,regardlessofhisorherspecialization,isexpectedtobeliterateinthem.Theseincludeclassicalmechanics,quantummechanics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,electromagnetism,andspecialrelativity.

Classicalandmodernphysics

Classicalmechanics

Classicalphysicsincludesthetraditionalbranchesandtopicsthatwererecognizedandwell-developedbeforethebeginningofthe20thcentury—classicalmechanics,acoustics,optics,thermodynamics,andelectromagnetism.

Classicalmechanicsisconcernedwithbodiesactedonbyforcesandbodiesinmotionandmaybedividedintostatics（studyoftheforcesonabodyorbodiesatrest）,kinematics（studyofmotionwithoutregardtoitscauses）,anddynamics（studyofmotionandtheforcesthataffectit）;mechanicsmayalsobedividedintosolidmechanicsandfluidmechanics（knowntogetherascontinuummechanics）,thelatterincludingsuchbranchesashydrostatics,hydrodynamics,aerodynamics,andpneumatics.

Acousticsisthestudyofhowsoundisproduced,controlled,transmittedandreceived.Importantmodernbranchesofacousticsincludeultrasonics,thestudyofsoundwavesofveryhighfrequencybeyondtherangeofhumanhearing;bioacousticsthephysicsofanimalcallsandhearing,andelectroacoustics,themanipulationofaudiblesoundwavesusingelectronics.

Optics,thestudyoflight,isconcernednotonlywithvisiblelightbutalsowithinfraredandultravioletradiation,whichexhibitallofthephenomenaofvisiblelightexceptvisibility,e.g.,reflection,refraction,interference,diffraction,dispersion,andpolarizationoflight.

Heatisaformofenergy,theinternalenergypossessedbytheparticlesofwhichasubstanceiscomposed;thermodynamicsdealswiththerelationshipsbetweenheatandotherformsofenergy.

Electricityandmagnetismhavebeenstudiedasasinglebranchofphysicssincetheintimateconnectionbetweenthemwasdiscoveredintheearly19thcentury;anelectriccurrentgivesrisetoamagneticfieldandachangingmagneticfieldinducesanelectriccurrent.Electrostaticsdealswithelectricchargesatrest,electrodynamicswithmovingcharges,andmagnetostaticswithmagneticpolesatrest.

ModernPhysics

Classicalphysicsisgenerallyconcernedwithmatterandenergyonthenormalscaleofobservation,whilemuchofmodernphysicsisconcernedwiththebehaviorofmatterandenergyunderextremeconditionsorontheverylargeorverysmallscale.

Forexample,atomicandnuclearphysicsstudiesmatteronthesmallestscaleatwhichchemicalelementscanbeidentified.

Thephysicsofelementaryparticlesisonanevensmallerscale,asitisconcernedwiththemostbasicunitsofmatter;thisbranchofphysicsisalsoknownashigh-energyphysicsbecauseoftheextremelyhighenergiesnecessarytoproducemanytypesofparticlesinlargeparticleaccelerators.Onthisscale,ordinary,commonsensenotionsofspace,time,matter,andenergyarenolongervalid.

Thetwochieftheoriesofmodernphysicspresentadifferentpictureoftheconceptsofspace,time,andmatterfromthatpresentedbyclassicalphysics.

Quantumtheoryisconcernedwiththediscrete,ratherthancontinuous,natureofmanyphenomenaattheatomicandsubatomiclevel,andwiththecomplementaryaspectsofparticlesandwavesinthedescriptionofsuchphenomena.

Thetheoryofrelativityisconcernedwiththedescriptionofphenomenathattakeplaceinaframeofreferencethatisinmotionwithrespecttoanobserver;thespecialtheoryofrelativityisconcernedwithrelativeuniformmotioninastraightlineandthegeneraltheoryofrelativitywithacceleratedmotionanditsconnectionwithgravitation.

Bothquantumtheoryandthetheoryofrelativityfindapplicationsinallareasofmodernphysics.

Differencebetweenclassicalandmodernphysics

Whilephysicsaimstodiscoveruniversallaws,itstheorieslieinexplicitdomainsofapplicability.Looselyspeaking,thelawsofclassicalphysicsaccuratelydescribesystemswhoseimportantlengthscalesaregreaterthantheatomicscaleandwhosemotionsaremuchslowerthanthespeedoflight.Outsideofthisdomain,observationsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.

AlbertEinstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributedtheframeworkofspecialrelativity,whichreplacednotionsofabsolutetimeandspacewithspace-timeandallowedanaccuratedescriptionofsystemswhosecomponentshavespeedsapproachingthespeedoflight.

MaxPlanck【普朗克】,ErwinSchrödinger【薛定谔】,andothersintroducedquantummechanics,aprobabilisticnotionofparticlesandinteractionsthatallowedanaccuratedescriptionofatomicandsubatomicscales.

Later,quantumfieldtheoryunifiedquantummechanicsandspecialrelativity.

Generalrelativityallowedforadynamical,curvedspace-time,withwhichhighlymassivesystemsandthelarge-scalestructureoftheuniversecanbewell-described.Generalrelativityhasnotyetbeenunifiedwiththeotherfundamentaldescriptions;severalcandidatetheoriesofquantumgravityarebeingdeveloped.

Researchfields

Contemporaryresearchinphysicscanbebroadlydividedintocondensedmatterphysics;atomic,molecular,andopticalphysics;particlephysics;astrophysics;geophysicsandbiophysics.SomephysicsdepartmentsalsosupportresearchinPhysicseducation.

Sincethe20thcentury,theindividualfieldsofphysicshavebecomeincreasinglyspecialized,andtodaymostphysicistsworkinasinglefieldfortheirentirecareers."Universalists"suchasAlbertEinstein（1879–1955）andLevLandau（1908–196