可编辑欧洲文化入门各单元重要人物及其代表作.docx
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可编辑欧洲文化入门各单元重要人物及其代表作
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欧文各单元重要人物及其代表作
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1GreekandRomanculture
1．1Greek（5centuryBC）
1,Homer,wrote:
epic:
Iliad;Odyssey
2,Sophocles,wrote:
drama:
OedipustheKing,Electra,Antigone（都是人名）
3,Aristophanes,wrote:
comedy:
Frogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirds
4,Historian:
Herodotus（thefatherofhistory）
Thucydides,wrote:
thewarbetweenAthensandS-partaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse）
5,AncientGreekphilosopher:
Pythagoras（founderofscientificmathematics）,
Heracleitus（“allisflux,nothingisstationery）,
Democritus（oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory）
Socrates（founderofdialecticalmethod辩证法）,Plato’steacher
Plato:
Dialogues（founderofIdealism）,Aristotle’steacher
Aristotle:
Ethics,Politics,PoeticsRhetoric
Sophists（诡辩派）:
Protagoras（人名，下同）
Cynics（犬儒派）:
Diogenes
Sceptics（怀疑派）:
Pyrrhon
Epicureans:
Epicurus
Stoics（斯多葛派）:
Zeno
6，Science
Euclid:
wrote:
Elements（几何原理）
Archimedes:
”givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld”,illustratestheprincipleofthelever.
7,Artandetc.
Parthenon（巴台农神庙）
TheAcrpolis（阿波罗神庙）
重要年代：
1,Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.
2,theOlympicgamesrevivedin1896.
3,Homerprobablylivedaround700BC.
4,EuclidandArchimedesbothlivedinthe3rdcenturyBC.
5,in146BCtheRomansconqueredGreece.
1．2Rome（after146BC）
8,名句：
theRomanwriterHoracesaid,“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”
9,Latinliterature
Prose:
MarcusTulliusCicero
JuliusCaesar:
Commentaries（高卢战记）名句：
Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
10，Poetry
Lucretiuswrote:
onthenatureofthings
11,Architecture
Pantheon（万神殿）
12．Sculpture
She-wolf
重要年代：
1，theburningofCorinthin146BCmarkedRomanconquestofGreece.
2,in476thelastemperoroftheWestRomanwasdeposedbytheGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.
3,theEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.
2TheBibleandChristianity（TheOldTestamentabout1300BC;TheNewTestamentabout400AD）
1,TheOldTestamentbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBibleandtheNewTestamentthesecond.
2,Christianaredividedinto3groups:
Catholic,orthodoxandprotestant
3,thefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgate（拉丁文圣经）in1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.
4,themostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“authorized”orKingJames’version.
重要年代：
TheOldTestamentformedinabout1300BC;TheNewTestamentformedintheendofthe4thcentury.
3TheMiddleages（between476ADand17thcentury）
1，ThemostimportantofalltheleaderopsChristianthoughtwasAugustine（人名）ofHippo（地名）wholivedinNorthAfricainthe5thcentury.Hewrote:
theConfessionandtheCityofGod.
2，AlfredtheGreatpromotedtranslationsintothevernacularformLatinworks,heinspiredthecompilationoftheAnglo–SaxonChronicles（编年史）.
3,St.ThomasAquinasItalianphilosopher,hewrote:
SummaContraGentiles（驳异教徒），SummaTheologiae（神学大全）
4,RogerBacon,wrote:
theOpusmaius（大著作）,anencyclopediaofthesciencesofhistime.
5,BeowulfisanAnglo-Saxonepic,originatingfromthecollectiveeffortsoforalliterature.
6,DanteAlighieri，thegreatestpoetofItaly,wrote:
theDivineComedy（I神曲）.
7,GeoffreyChaucer,Englishpoet,wrote:
theCanterburyTales（坎特伯雷故事集）.
重要年代：
1,in476ADaGermanicgeneralkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.
2,after1054,thechurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicchurchandtheEasternOrthodoxchurch.
4Renaissanceandreformation（between14thand17thcentury）
1．LeonardodaVinci,Italian,painted:
LastSupper,MonaLisa
2,MichelangeloBuonarroti,Italian,sculpture:
David,painted:
SistineChapel（西斯廷礼拜堂）,Dyingslave,Moses.
3，Raphael,Italian,painted:
Madonna（virgingirl）,SchoolofAthens
4,Titian,Venetian,painted:
ThevenusofUrbino,SacredandProfaneLove,MadonnaofthepesaroFamily,ManwiththeGlove
5,JohnWycliffe（religiousreformer）,English,ledthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttime.
6,JanHus（religiousreformer）,BohemianCzechreformer
7,MartinLuther,GermanleaderoftheProtestantreformation:
95theses
8,JohnCalvin,Frenchtheologian:
InstitutesoftheChristianReligion
9,FrancoisRabelais,French,wrote:
GargantuaandPantaguel（巨人传）
10，MigueldeCervantes,Spanishnovelist,wrote:
DonQuixote（唐.吉柯德）
11，ElGreco,Spanishpainter,painted:
TheBurialofCountOrgaz（奥加兹伯爵的葬礼）
12，WilliamShakespeare,Englishwriter:
Hamlet,Asyoulikeit,Twelfthnight,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.
13,ChristopherColumbus,Genoese-bornnavigatoranddiscovereroftheNewWorld.
14,BartholomeuDias,Portuguesenavigator,discoveredtheCapeofGoodHopein1487.
15,VascodaGama,Portuguesenavigator,discoveredtherouttoIndearoundtheCapeoftheCapeofGoodHopes
16,AmerigoVespucci,ItaliannavigatorinhishonorAmericawasnamed.
17，NicolausCopernicus,Polishastronomer,wrote:
DeRevolutionibusOrbium（天体革命,即therevolutionoftheheavenlyorbs也译为天体运行论）,thefatherofmodernastronomy.
18,Dante,Italianpoet,wrote:
DivineComedy.
19，NiccoloMachiavelli,hewascalledthefatherofpoliticalscience,wrote:
Price（论王公）,Discourses（论文集）.
重要年代：
1,Renaissanceandreformationtookplacebetween14thand17thcentury.
2,thediscoveryofAmericain1492,thediscoveryoftheCapeofGoodHopein1487,andtheroundingoftheCapeofGoodHopetoIndiainbetweentheyearsof1497and1498.
5The17thCentury（thebeginningofmoderntime）
1，JohannesKepler,Germanscientist,discoveredthe3lawsofplanetarymotion（whatarethe3laws?
）
2,GalileoGalilei,Florentine（弗罗伦萨人），scientist,wrote:
SidereusNuncius（i.e.TheStarryMessenger,星星使者）,appliedtelescopetothestudyofskies,provedgeocentricsystemwaswrong,discoveredtheimportanceofaccelerationindynamics,discoveredthelawofinertia,firstestablishedthelawoffallingbodies.
3,SirIsaacNewton,Englishscientist,inventedcalculus,discoveredthatwhitlightiscomposedofallthecolorsofthespectrum,themostimportantdiscoveryistheuniversalgravitation.
4,FrancisBacon,Englishphilosopher,essayistandstatesman,foundmoderninductivemethod（归纳法）,wrote:
TheAdvancementofLearning,TheNewAtlantes,TheNewMethod,Essays,名句：
Knowledgeispower,TheMonumentsofwitsurvivethemonumentsofpower（智慧的力量比统治的力量更长久）.
5,ThomasHobbes,Englishpoliticalphilosopher,,wrote:
Leviathan（利维坦）,hewasamaterialist.
6,JohnLocke,Englishempiricistandanoutstandingpoliticalphilosopher,wrote:
Essayconcerninghumanunderstanding,Treatisesofcivilgovernment.
7,JohnMilton,Englishwriterandpoliticalfigure,wrote:
Paradiselost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.
8,Descartes,Frenchphilosopher,wrote:
RulesfortheDirectionoftheMind,DiscourseonMethod,Meditationsconcerningfirstphilosophyandobjectionsandreplies.
9,Moliere,Frenchauthor,wrote:
Tartuffe,LeMisanthropeandL’Avare.
10,MichelangeloCaravaggio,Italianpainter,painted:
TheCallingofSt.Matthew,TheCardsharps（玩牌者）
11，VanRijnRembrandt,DutchBaroquepainteretcher,painted:
BlindingofSamson,ThePolishRider.
重要年代：
1,inthe17thcenturyEuropeadvancedfromtheMiddleAgestothemoderntimes.
6Theageofenlightenment（thesecondhalfofthe18thcentury）
1,B.Montesquieu,Frenchphilosopher,manofletters,wrote:
Persianletters,Thespiritofthelaws.
2,Voltaire,Frenchpoet,dramatist,historian,andphilosopher,wrote:
Lettresanglaise（alsocirculatedasLettresphilosophiques哲学书简）,Candide（憨第德）
3，J.J.Rousseau,Swiss-bornphilosopher,author,politicaltheoristandcomposer,wrote:
Theoriginofhumaninequality（论人类不平等起源）,Thesocialcontract,Theconfessions（忏悔录）
4，D.Diderot,Frenchphilosopherandmanofletters,wrote:
Philosophicalthoughts,Encyclopedia,ElementsofPhysiology,Rameau’snephew.
5,DanielDefoe,Englishnovelistandpoliticaljournalist,wrote:
ThelifeandstrangesurprisingadventuresofRobinsonCrusoe,ofYork,Mariner,TheFortuneandmisfortunesofthefamousMollFlanders,Ajournaloftheplagueyear,Thefortunemistress.
6,J.Swift,Englishchurchman,politicalwriterandpoet,wrote:
Amodestproposal,Gulliver’stravels（格列弗游记）
7，HenryFielding,Englishnovelist,dramatistandessayist,wrote:
ThehistoryoftheadventuresofJosephAndrewsandhisfriendMr.AbrahamAdams,ThelifeofMr.JonathanWildtheGreat,ThehistoryofTomJones,aFoundling.
8,WolfgangGoethe,Germanpoet,wrote:
ThesorrowsofyoungWerther,WilhelmMeister’stravels（威廉迈斯特的漫游时代），Faust,（浮士德）.
9,J.Schiller,Germandramatist,poet,historianandaesthetictheoretician,wrote:
Cabalandlove，ＷilhelmTell（威廉 退尔）.
10,I.Kant,Germanclassicalphilosopher,wrote:
Critiqueofpurereason（纯理性的批判）.
11,J.Bach,Germanmusician,wrote:
Brandenburgconcertos
12,G.F.Handel,borninGerman,naturalizedEnglish,wrote:
Oratorios，Messiah（清唱剧，弥赛亚）.
13,J.Haydn,wrote:
Austriancomposer,wrote:
Stringquartets（弦乐四重奏）.
14,W.A.Mozart,Austriancomposer,wrote:
ChoralmusicRequiem,k.626（安魂曲），TheMarriageofFigaro（费加罗的婚礼）.
重要年代：
1,theAmericanwarofindependenceof1776endedBritishcolonialruleoverthatcountry.
2,theFrenchRevolutionfollowedin1789.
3,thefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin1792.
7Romanticism（betweenthelate18thandtheearly19thcentury）
1,WilliamBlake,Englishwriter,wrote:
Songsofinnocence,Songsofexperience,TheFrenchRevolution,Milton.
2,theLakers-WordsworthandColeridge.
Wordsworth，hewrote:
Blisswasit
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