高中化学常用化学公式Common chemical formulas in high school chemistry.docx

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高中化学常用化学公式Common chemical formulas in high school chemistry.docx

高中化学常用化学公式Commonchemicalformulasinhighschoolchemistry

高中化学常用化学公式(Commonchemicalformulasinhighschoolchemistry)

Commonchemicalformulaeinhighschoolchemistry.Txt

Commonchemicalformulaeinhighschoolchemistry

1,oxidation:

F2+H2=2HF

F2+Xe(excess)===XeF2

2F2(excess)+Xe===XeF4

NF2+2M===2MFn(representingmostmetals)

2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2

2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O

F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2

F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2

F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2

F2,+Cl2(equalvolume)===2ClF

3F2(excess)+Cl2===2ClF3

7F2(excess)+I2===2IF7

Cl2+H2===2HCl

3Cl2+2P===2PCl3

Cl2+PCl3===PCl5

Cl2+2Na===2NaCl

3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3

Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3

Cl2+Cu===CuCl2

2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2

Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2

5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl

Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S

Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S

Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl

Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2

2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4

O2+K===KO2

S+H2===H2S

2S+C===CS2

S+Fe===FeS

S+2Cu===Cu2S

3S+2Al===Al2S3

S+Zn===ZnS

N2+3H2===2NH3

N2+3Mg===Mg3N2

N2+3Ca===Ca3N2

N2+3Ba===Ba3N2

N2+6Na===2Na3N

N2+6K===2K3N

N2+6Rb===2Rb3N

P2+6H2===4PH3

P+3Na===Na3P

2P+3Zn===Zn3P2

2.reducibility

S+O2===SO2

S+O2===SO2

S+6HNO3(thick)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O

3S+4HNO3(dilute)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O

N2+O2===2NO

4P+5O2===P4O10(oftenwrittenasP2O5)

2P+3X2===2PX3(XstandsforF2,Cl2,Br2)

PX3+X2===PX5

P4+20HNO3(thick)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O

C+2F2===CF4

C+2Cl2===CCl4

2C+O2(asmallamount)===2CO

C+O2(adequate)===CO2

C+CO2===2CO

C+H2O===CO+H2(generatingwatergas)

2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(madefromcrudesilicon)

Si(coarse)+2Cl===SiCl4

(SiCl4+2H2===Si(pure)+4HCl)

Si(powder)+O2===SiO2

Si+C===SiC(emery)

Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2

3,(base)disproportionation

Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO

(acidinhibition,disproportionation,additionofalkaliorilluminationtopromotedisproportionation)

Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O

2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O

3Cl2+6KOH(hot,thick)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O

3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O

4P+3KOH(thick)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2

11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4

3C+CaO===CaC2+CO

3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO

Two,thereductionofmetallicelements(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)

2Na+H2===2NaH

4Na+O2===2Na2O

2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2

2Na+O2===Na2O2

2Na+S===Na2S(explosion)

2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2

2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2

4Na+TiCl4(molten)===4NaCl+Ti

镁+Cl2===MgCl2

镁+Br2===MgBr2

2mg加O2===2mgo

镁+===毫克

镁+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2

2mg加TiCl4(熔融)===钛+2mgcl2

镁+2rbcl===MgCl2+2rb

2mg加CO2===2mgo+C

2mg加SiO2===2mgo+Si

镁+H2S===毫克+H2

镁+硫酸===硫酸镁+H2

除2A1+3Cl2===特点

4al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)

4al(HG)+3O2+2xh2o===2(Al2O3部分)+4hg

4al+3mno2===2Al2O3+300万

除2A1+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2CR

除2A1+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2fe

除2A1+3feo===Al2O3+3FE

除2A1+6hcl===特点+3H2

除2A1+3h2so4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2

除2A1+6h2so4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3so2+6H2O

(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)

铝+4hno(稀)===Al(NO3)3+不+2H2O

除2A1+2naoh+2H2O===2naalo2+3H2

2fe+3br2===2febr3

铁+I2===2

铁离子

3fe+H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2

铁+2hcl===FeCl2+H2

铁+CuCl2===FeCl2+铜

铁+===SnCl4氯化亚铁+氯化亚锡

(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全

还原为单质锡Fe+氯化亚锡==FeCl2+SN)

三,非金属氢化物(HF、HCl、H2O、H2S、NH3)

1、还原性:

4hcl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O

4hcl(G)+O2===2+2H2O

16hcl+2kmno4===2kcl+2mncl2+5cl2+H2O

14hcl+重铬酸钾===2kcl+2crcl3+3Cl2+7H2O

2H2O+2F2===4hf+O2

2h2s+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O

2h2s+O2(少量)===S+2H2O

2h2s+SO2===3S+2H2O

H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O

3h2s+2hno(稀)===3S+2NO+H2O

5h2s+2kmno4+3h2so4===2mnso4+硫酸钾+5S+H2O

3h2s++===4h2so4K2Cr2O7Cr2(SO4)3+硫酸钾+3S+7H2O

4na2o2+H2S+2H2O===Na2SO4+6naoh

2nh3+3cuo===3cu+N2+3H2O

2nh3+3Cl2===N2+6hcl

8nh3+3Cl2===N2+6nh4cl

4NH+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O

4NH+5O2===4no+6H2O

+===6no4NH5N2+6ho(用氨清除没有)

水蒸气

4nah+===钛TiCl4+2H2+4nacl

CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2

2、酸性:

4hf+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O

(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)

2hf+===2hclCaF2+氯化钙

硫化氢+铁

H2S+CuCl2===因为+2hcl

H2S+2agno3===Ag2S+2hno3

H2S+===HgS+2hcl氯化汞

H2S+Pb(NO3)2===+2hno3PBS

H2S+氯化亚铁===

2nh3+2NA==2nanh2+H2

(NaNH2+H2O===氢氧化钠+NH3)

3、碱性:

NH3+HCl===氯化铵

NH3+硝酸===硝酸铵

2nh3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4

NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===碳酸氢钠+氯化铵

(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)

4、不稳定性:

2hf===H2+F2

2hcl===H2+Cl2

2H2O,2h2+,O2===========

2h2o2,2H2O+,O2===========

=====H2+H2S

=====N2+3h22nh3

Four,non-metallicoxides

Reducibilityoflow-pricedstates:

2so2+O2=====2so3

2so2+O2+2H2O=====2h2so4

(thisistheslowenvironmentalchemicalreactionofSO2occurringintheatmosphere.)

SO2,Cl2,2H2O====+++2HCl,H2SO4

SO2,Br2,2H2O====+++2hbr,H2SO4

SO2,I2,2H2O====+++2hi,H2SO4

=====SO3,SO2++noNo2

2No+O2=====2no2

NO2+NO+2naoh,2nano2==========

(usedinthenitricacidindustrytoabsorbnoandNO2inexhaustgases)

2CO+O2=====2co2

=====CuO+chicken+carbondioxide

=====2Fe,3Co+Fe2O3+3co2

Contraction+carbondioxide+H2,H2O=========

Oxidation:

=====3S,SO2+2h2s+2H2O

=====K2SO3,SO3+2Ki+I2

2Ki,NO2++,H2O====NO++2koh,I2

(nobrominevaporandNO2canbeidentifiedwithstarchkisolution)

=====4NO,4no2,H2S++H2O+SO3

=====4cuo2no2+chicken+N2

=====2MgO,2mg+CO2+C

(threeCO2cannotbeusedtoextinguishburningfiressuchasMg,CA,K,etc.)

=====2h2=SiO2+Si+2H2O

=====2MgO,SiO2+2mg+Si

3,withtheroleofwater:

SO2+H2O=====H2SO3

SO3+H2O=====H2SO4

3no2+H2O=====2hno3+NO

N2O5+H2O=====2hno3

P2O5+H2O=====2hpo3

=====2h3po4+3H2OP2O5

(P2O5ishighlyabsorbentandcanbeusedasagasdryingagent

P2O5+3h2so4(thick)====2h3po4+3so3)

Carbondioxide+H2O=====H2CO3

4,withtheroleofalkalinesubstances:

2nh3,SO2++,H2O====NH4(2so3)

SO2,2so3+,H2O+(NH4)=====2nh4hso3

(thisisthereactionofthesulphuricacidplanttotherecoveryofSO2.FirstabsorbSO2withammoniawater,

AndthenH2SO4processing:

2nh4hso3,H2SO4====+(++2so2,2H2O,2SO4,NH4)

TheresultingammoniumsulfateisusedasfertilizerandtheSO2isrecycledasfeedstockgas

SO2+CA(OH)2====CaSO3+H2O

(donotdistinguishbetweenclearlimeandwater,SO2andco2.canbeidentifiedwithfuchsin.)

=====MgSO4+MgOSO3

SO3+CA(OH)2====CaSO4+H2O

Carbondioxide+2naoh(excess)====Na2CO3+H2O

Carbondioxide(excess)=====NaOH=NaHCO3

Carbondioxide+CA(OH)2(excessCaCO3+H2O======)

2co2(excess)+CA(OH)2====HCO3(2cases)

2naalo2+carbondioxide+3H2O====3+Na2CO32Al(OH)

C6h5ona+carbondioxide+H2O=====C6H5OH+NaHCO3

=====CaSiO3,SiO2+high

SiO2+2naohNa2SiO3+H2O=================

(alkalinesolutionslowlycorrosiveglassatnormaltemperature)

=====Na2SiO3,SiO2+Na2CO3+

=====CaSiO3,SiO2+CaCO3+

Five,metaloxide

1,thelowcostofreduction:

6feo+O2=====2fe3o4

=====4hno3+Fe(NO3)+3+NO22H2O=FeO

2,oxidation:

=====2na2o+2NaNa2O2

(thisreactionisusedtoprepareNa2O)

MgO,Al2O3,ishardlyoxidizingandcanhardlybereducedtoMg,Al.

MgandAlareusuallymadebyelectrolysis.

=====2Fe,Fe2O3++3H2O(reducedironpowder)3h2

=====3Fe,Fe3O4+4h2+4H2O

3,withtheroleofwater:

Na2O+H2O=====2naoh

=====4naoh,2na2o2+2H2O+O2

(thisreactionisdividedintotwosteps:

Na2O2==++2H2O,2naoh,h2o2;

=====2h2o2+O22H2O.

ThepreparationofH2O2usesasimilarreaction:

BaO2+H2SO4(dilute)===BaSO4+H2O2

MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(slowresponse)

4,withtheroleofacidicsubstances:

Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4

Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3

Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O

2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2

Na2O2+H2SO4(cold,thin)===Na2SO4+H2O2

MgO+SO3===MgSO4

MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O

Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O

(Al2O3isanamphotericoxide:

Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)

FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2O

Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O

Fe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O

Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O

Six,oxygenacid

1,oxidation:

4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl

HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl

3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl

HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl

HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2

(oxidation:

HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,

Butthestrong,hotHClO4isveryoxidizing

2H2SO4(thick)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O

2H2SO4(thick)+S===3SO2+2H2O

H2SO4+Fe(Al)passivationatroomtemperature

6H2SO4(concentrated)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O

2H2SO4(thick)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O

H2SO4(thick)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2O

H2SO4(thick)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2O

H2SO4(dilute)+Fe===FeSO4+H2

2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O

4HNO3(thick)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O

6HNO3(thick)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O

5HNO3(thick)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O

6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O

4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O

30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O

36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O

30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O

2,reducibility:

H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX

(XstandsforCl2,Br2,I2)

2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4

H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O

5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O

H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl

3,acidic:

H2SO4(thick)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HF

H2SO4(thick)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl

H2SO4(thick)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl

H2SO4(thick)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3

3H2SO4(concentrated)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO4

2H2SO4(concentrated),+Ca3(PO4),2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2

3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3

2HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2

(H2S,HI,HBr,H2SO4(SO2)couldnotbepreparedwithHNO3andconcentratedp

Equivalentreducinggas)

4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(TSP)

H3PO4(thick)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr

H3PO4(thick)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI

4,instability:

2HClO===2HC

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