托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况.docx

托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况.docx

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托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况

托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况

　　解答推理题应从识别题型入手。

推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：

infer，imply，indicate，suggest。

下面就和大家分享托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况，希望能够帮助到你们，快来一起学习吧。

　　托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况

　　1.Paragraph:

Twootherdevelopmentspresagedtheendoftheeraofturnpikesandstartedatransportationrevolutionthatresultedinincreasedregionalspecializationandthegrowthofanationalmarketeconomy.Firstcamethesteamboat;althoughflatboatsandkeelboatscontinuedtobeimportantuntilthe1850s,steamboatseventuallysupersededallothercraftinthecarryingofpassengersandfreight.Steamboatswerenotonlyfasterbutalsotransportedupriverfreightforaboutonetenthofwhatithadpreviouslycostonhand-propelledkeelboats.

　　1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheparagraphaboutflatboatsandkeelboats?

　　A.Theyceasedtobeusedassoonasthefirstturnpikeswerebuilt.

　　B.Theywereslowerandmoreexpensivetooperatethansteamboats.

　　C.Theywereusedforlong-distancebutnotforregionaltransportation.

　　D.TheywereusedprimarilyontheErieCanal.

　　根据题干信息flatboatsandkeelboats对应到原文句子Steamboatswerenotonlyfasterbutalsotransportedupriverfreightforaboutonetenthofwhatithadpreviouslycostonhand-propelledkeelboats.从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster以及onetenthof很容易得出B选项。

解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。

　　2.Paragraph:

Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslivesinoronanotherspecies.Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:

parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalcommunity–thatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentiallyinteractinginaparticulararea.

　　1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcommensalismcanbeinferredfromtheparagraph?

　　A.Itexcludesinteractionsbetweenmorethantwospecies.

　　B.Itmakesitlesslikelyforspecieswithinacommunitytosurvive.

　　C.Itssignificancetotheorganizationofbiologicalcommunitiesissmall.

　　D.Itsroleinthestructureofbiologicalpopulationsisadisruptiveone.

　　根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:

parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalcommunity;该句告诉我们firstandthird指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism,而题干中被问及的commensalism（共栖）恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。

　　3.Paragraph:

Isotopicanalysisofshellsallowedgeologiststomeasureanotherglacialeffect.Theycouldtracethegrowthandshrinkageofcontinentalglaciers,eveninpartsoftheoceanwheretheremayhavebeennogreatchangeintemperature–aroundtheequator,forexample.Theoxygenisotoperatiooftheoceanchangesasagreatdealofwateriswithdrawnfromitbyevaporationandisprecipitatedassnowtoformglacialice.Duringglaciations,thelighteroxygen-16hasagreatertendencytoevaporatefromtheoceansurfacethantheheavieroxygen-18does.Thus,moreoftheheavyisotopeisleftbehindintheoceanandabsorbedbymarineorganisms.Fromthisanalysisofmarinesediments,geologistshavelearnedthatthereweremanyshorter,moreregularcyclesofglaciationandde-glaciationthangeologistshadrecognizedfromtheglacialdriftofthecontinentsalone.

　　1.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatforaminiferafossilshellscontainingcalcitewithhighpercentagesofoxygen-16weredepositedattimeswhen…

　　A.polariceextendedasfarasequatorialregionsoflandandsea.

　　B.extensiveglaciationwasnotoccurring.

　　C.therewerenogreatincreasesinoceantemperature.

　　D.therewasheavysnowfalloncontinentalglaciers.

　　同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文Duringglaciations,thelighteroxygen-16hasagreatertendencytoevaporatefromtheoceansurfacethantheheavieroxygen-18does.句中给出duringglaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16weredeposited,同样还是对比取反，即notduringglaciations，对应选项B。

　　4.Paragraph2:

TheareascoveredbythismaterialweresovastthattheicethatdepositeditmusthavebeenacontinentalglacierlargerthanGreenlandorAntarctica.Eventually,Agassizandothersconvincedgeologistsandthegeneralpublicthatagreatcontinentalglaciationhadextendedthepolaricecapsfarintoregionsthatnowenjoytemperateclimates.Forthefirsttime,peoplebegantotalkabouticeages.Itwasalsoapparentthattheglaciationoccurredintherelativelyrecentpastbecausethedriftwassoft,likefreshlydepositedsediment.Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-14inlogsburiedinthedrift.Thedriftofthelastglaciationwasdepositedduringoneofthemostrecentepochsofgeologictime,thePleistocene,whichlastedfrom1.8millionto10,000yearsago.AlongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStates,thesouthernmostadvanceofthisiceisrecordedbytheenormoussandanddriftdepositsoftheterminalmorainesthatformLongIslandandCapeCod.

　　1.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatAgassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine…

　　A.whichgeographicregionshadbeencoveredwithicesheetsinthelasticeage.

　　B.theexactdatesatwhichdriftshadbeendepositedduringthelasticeage.

　　C.theexactcompositionofthedriftslaidduringthelasticeage.

　　D.howfarsouthalongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatestheicehadadvancedduringthelasticeage.

　　通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。

那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?

　　首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassizandothergeologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。

此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了ofhistime这一时间短语与文中的Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-14inlogsburiedinthedrift.一句里的now构成对比关系。

所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。

　　托福阅读长难句：

嗅觉交流

　　Theimportanceofolfactorycommunication（usingodorstocommunicate）inthewayoflifeofdeerwasdocumentedbyastudyofcaptiveadultmaledeerafewdecadesago,whichnotedthatmalesrubbedtheirforeheadsonbranchesandtwigs,especiallyasautumnapproached.（TPO28,45）

　　olfactory/?

lf?

kt（?

）r?

/adj.嗅觉的

　　document/d?

kj?

m（?

）nt/vt.用文件证实或证明（某事）

　　captive/k?

pt?

v/adj.被捕获的，被俘虏的

　　twig/tw?

g/n.嫩枝

　　approach/?

pr?

?

t?

/vt.接近,靠近

　　Theimportance（ofolfactorycommunication）（usingodorstocommunicate）（inthewayoflifeofdeer）wasdocumented（byastudyofcaptiveadultmaledeerafewdecadesago）,（whichnoted）（thatmalesrubbedtheirforeheadsonbranchesandtwigs）,（especiallyasautumnapproached）.（TPO28,45）

　　分析：

　　这个句子的主干就是：

　　Theimportancewasdocumented