有机合成化学反应之醛酮的合成.docx
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有机合成化学反应之醛酮的合成
有机合成化学反应之
醛酮的经典合成
1.前言
醛和酮是一类重要的有机化合物,其合成在有机合成中占有非常重要的地位。
醛和酮的合成方法繁多,新合成途径也层出不穷。
本部分主要以官能团的转换为主线,依次讨论了由醇、卤化物,甲基、亚甲基、羧酸及其衍生物、烯烃、炔烃、醚及环氧化合物、胺、硝基化合物等转换为醛酮的一些非常实用的方法,一些少用或罕见的反应并没有收录进去。
2.由醇合成醛酮
由醇合成醛酮是有机合成中的一类非常重要的反应。
由伯醇的氧化可以得到醛。
由于醛处于醇与羧酸的中间氧化状态,就必须选择适当的氧化剂加以控制,不致氧化过度而生成羧酸。
由仲醇的氧化可以得到酮。
但仲醇过度氧化可以导致分子开裂。
由叔醇的氧化开裂、转位等反应也能合成酮,但实用范围不大。
由此可见,要讨论由醇的氧化就必须从所使用氧化剂氧化性的强弱、醇分子的结构以及反应条件等多个方面入手。
本部分由讨论最常用的铬(VI)氧化剂开始,依次讨论了活性MnO2,DMSO试剂,氧铵盐,高价碘化物等氧化剂在醇氧化合成醛酮反应中的应用。
2.1铬(VI)试剂
常用的铬(VI)试剂主要有三氧化铬(CrO3)、重铬酸、铬酸酯[CrO2(OCOR)2]、铬酰氯(CrO2Cl2)等。
为了控制醇不被过度氧化,化学家已经开发了种种氧化方法,最常用的方法有Jones氧化法(Cr2O3/H2SO4/acetone)、Collins氧化法(Cr2O3·2Py)、PCC(PyrindiumChlorochromate)及PDC(PyrindiumDichromate)氧化法等。
2.1.1Jones氧化(Cr2O3/H2SO4/acetone)
Jones试剂通常可以将伯醇氧化成酸,把仲醇氧化成酮
2.1.1.1(Cr2O3/H2SO4/acetone)合成方法示例
A1-L,round-bottomedflaskequippedwithamagneticstirringbarandpressure-equalizingdroppingfunnelischargedwithethyl3-hydroxy-4-pentenoateand400mLofacetone.ThemixtureiscooledinanicebathandJonesreagent(175mL)isaddeddropwiseviathedroppingfunnel(additiontimeisapproximately30–40min).WhenadditionoftheJonesreagentiscomplete,thereactionmixtureisallowedtowarmslowlytoroomtemperatureandisstirredovernight(10–20hr).Methanol(20mL)isaddedtoquenchexcessJonesreagentandthereactionmixtureispouredintoa2-Lseparatoryfunnelcontainingdiethylether(800mL).Afterthoroughmixing,thelayersareseparatedandtheaqueouslayerisextractedwithdiethylether(three200-mLportions).Thecombinedorganiclayersarewashedwithbrine(two200-mLportions),driedoverMgSO4,filtered,andthesolventisremovedbysimpledistillation.FinalpurificationisaccomplishedbyKugelrohrdistillationat0.60mm(oventemp45°C)witha250-mLreceivingbulbcooledto−78°Cusingadryice/isopropylalcoholcoldbath.Thepurifiedproduct(14.9g,52%)canbestoredat−20°Cforseveralmonthswithoutdecomposition.
Notes:
Jonesreagentispreparedbydissolvingchromiumoxide(CrO3)(23.5g)incon.sulfuricacid(21mL)withcoolingandthendilutingwithdistilledwatertogiveatotalvolumeof175mL.
Reference:
OrganicSyntheses,Coll.Vol.9,p.432;Vol.71,p.236
2.1.2Collins氧化(Cr2O3·2Py)
Collins氧化法是利用CrO3-pyridine配合物将伯醇和仲醇依次氧化成醛(和/或酸)和酮的方法。
(G.I.Poos,G.E.Arth,R.E.Beyler,L.H.Sarett,J.Am.Chem.Soc.75,422(1953).)
Collins氧化法是在Sarett氧化法(以吡啶为溶剂)基础上的改进,以二氯甲烷为溶剂氧化伯醇为醛(J.C.Collins,TetrahedronLetters1968,3363;J.C.Collins,W.W.Hess,Org.Syn.52,5(1972);R.W.Ratcliffe,ibid.55,84(1976).).
2.1.2.1Dipyridinechromium(VI)oxide的制备方法
Adry,1-l.,three-neckedflaskfittedwithasealedmechanicalstirrer,athermometer,andadryingtube,ischargedwith500ml.ofanhydrouspyridine,whichisstirredandcooledtoapproximately15°Cwithanicebath.Thedryingtubeisperiodicallyremovedand68g.(0.68mole)ofanhydrouschromium(VI)oxideisaddedinportionsthroughtheneckoftheflaskovera30-minuteperiod.Thechromiumtrioxideshouldbeaddedatsucharatethatthetemperaturedoesnotexceed20°Candinsuchamannerthattheoxidemixesrapidlywiththepyridineanddoesnotadheretothesideoftheflask.Asthechromiumtrioxideisadded,anintenselyyellow,flocculentprecipitateseparatesfromthepyridineandtheviscosityofthemixtureincreases.Whentheadditioniscomplete,themixtureisallowedtowarmslowlytoroomtemperaturewithstirring.Withinonehourtheviscosityofthemixturedecreasesandtheinitiallyyellowproductchangestoadeepred,macrocrystallineformthatsettlestothebottomoftheflaskwhenstirringisdiscontinued.Thesupernatantpyridineisdecantedfromthecomplexandthecrystalsarewashedseveraltimesbydecantationwith250-ml.portionsofanhydrouspetroleumether.Theproductiscollectedbyfiltrationonasinteredglassfunnelandwashedwithanhydrouspetroleumether,avoidingcontactwiththeatmosphereasmuchaspossible.Thecomplexisdriedat10mm.untilitisfree-flowing,leaving150–160g.(85–91%)ofdipyridinechromium(VI)oxideasredcrystals.Theproductisextremelyhygroscopic;contactwithmoistureconvertsitrapidlytotheyellowdipyridiniumdichromate.Itisstoredat0°inabrownbottle.
Reference:
OrganicSyntheses,Coll.Vol.6,p.644;Vol.52,p.5
2.1.2.2Collins氧化标准操作
Asufficientquantityofa5%solutionofdipyridinechromium(VI)oxideinanhydrousdichloromethaneispreparedtoprovideasixfoldmolarratioofcomplextoalcohol,anexcessusuallyrequiredforcompleteoxidationtothealdehyde.Thefreshlyprepared,purecomplexdissolvescompletelyindichloromethaneat25°Cat5%concentration,givingadeepredsolution,butsolutionsusuallycontainsmallamountsofbrown,insolublematerialwhenpreparedfromcrudecomplex.Thealcohol,eitherpureorasasolutioninanhydrousdichloromethane,isaddedtotheredsolutioninoneportionwithstirringatroomtemperatureorlower.Theoxidationofunhinderedprimary(andsecondary)alcoholsproceedstocompletionwithin5to15minutesat25°Cwithdepositionofbrownish-black,polymeric,reducedchromium–pyridineproducts.Whendepositionofreducedchromiumcompoundsiscomplete(monitoringthereactionbyGCorTLCishelpful),thesupernatantliquidisdecantedfromthe(usuallytarry)precipitate,whichisrinsedthoroughlywithdichloromethane.
Thecombineddichloromethanesolutionsmaybewashedwithdilutehydrochloricacid,sodiumhydrogencarbonatesolution,andwater,orfiltereddirectlythroughafilteraid,orpassedthroughachromatographiccolumntoremovetracesofpyridineandchromiumsalts.Theproductisobtainedbyremovalofdichloromethane;anypyridinethatremainscanoftenberemovedunderreducedpressure.
2.1.3PCC(PyrindiumChlorochromate)氧化
PCC易于合成和保存,操作简单,是将伯醇和仲醇氧化成醛和酮的应用最广的氧化方法。
PCC中所用的碱除吡啶外,也可以是其它碱,且随着碱性部分碱性的增强,氧化的选择性也提高。
其中,DMAP·HCrO3Cl为适用于烯丙醇类及苄醇类的选择性氧化试剂。
PCC的氧化以均相反应为主,但有的方法是将催化剂吸附于硅胶、氧化铝等无机载体或离子交换树脂等有机高分子载体上,对醇作非均相催化氧化。
后处理简单并可控制反应的选择性。
2.1.3.1PCC氧化合成方法示例:
Preparationof1,2:
4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulo-2,6-pyranose
A500-mL,round-bottomedflaskequippedwitha4.5-cm,egg-shapedTeflon-coatedmagneticstirbarischargedwith130mLofCH2Cl2,thealcoholpreparedinStepA(10.4g,40.0mmol),and15goffreshlypowdered3Åmolecularsieves.Pyridiniumchlorochromate(21.5g,100mmol)isaddedportionwiseover10minandtheresultingmixtureisstirredatroomtemperaturefor15hr.Ether(200mL)isaddedslowlywithvigorousstirringandthesolutionisfilteredundervacuumthroughapadof35gofCelite.ThesolidsremaininginthereactionflaskaretransferredtotheCelitepadbyscrapingwithaspatulaandwashingwiththree50-mLportionsofether.Theresultingcloudybrownfiltrateisconcentratedbyrotaryevaporationatroomtemperaturetogiveabrownsolid.Tothissolidisadded25mLof1:
1ether:
hexaneandthesolidsarescrapedwithaspatula.Themixtureisthenpouredonto60gofWhatman60Å(230-400mesh)silicagelpackedina4-cmdiameterchromatographycolumnandtheliquidisadsorbedontothesilicagelbygravity.Thematerialremainingintheflaskisfurtherwashedwith1:
1ether:
hexaneandtransferredontothesilicagel;thisprocessisrepeateduntilallthematerialhasbeenloadedontothesilicagel.Theketoneiselutedusing500mLof1:
1ether:
hexaneandtheeluentisconcentratedbyrotaryevaporationtoaffordthecrudeketoneasawhitesolid.Thismaterialisdissolvedin40-45mLofboilinghexane.Uponcoolingthesolutiontoroomtemperature,theketonebeginstocrystallize.Theflaskisthencooledto−25°Cfor2hr.Theresultingsolidsarecollectedbyfiltration,washedwiththree25-mLportionsofcold(−25°C)hexane,anddriedtoafford8.84-9.08g,(86-88%)oftheketoneasawhitesolid.
Notes:
PCCispreparedbyadditionofpyridinetoasolutionofchromiumtrioxide(CrO3)inaqueousHClandcrystallization.
Reference:
OrganicSyntheses,Vol.80,p.1
PCC的合成方法
100gofChromiumtrioxide(CrO3)wasdissolvedin100mlofwaterand80.6mlofpyridinewasadded(keepthetemperatureunder30oC),followedby400mlofacetone.Reactionmixturewascooledto-20oCandyellowcrystallwascollectedandwashedwithacetoneanddriedtogive127.2gofPCC.Yield:
68%.
2.1.4PDC(PyrindiumDichromate)氧化
PDC的氧化能力较PCC强,其氧化作用一般在中性条件下进行,而PCC则需在酸性中进行。
因此,对酸不稳定的化合物用PCC氧化时,必须在醋酸钠存在下进行。
PDC的氧化一般在二氯甲烷中进行,如在DMF中进行时,氧化性增强,能将伯醇最终氧化成酸。
PDC的氧化操作基本和PCC相同,这里不再举例说明。
2.2用活性MnO2氧化
活性MnO2广泛用于氧化α,β-不饱和基团(三键,双键、芳香环)的醇,可选择性氧化烯丙式醇,条件温和,不会引起双键的异构化MnO2的活性及溶剂的选择对反应至关重要,常用的溶剂有二氯甲烷、乙醚、石油醚、己烷、丙酮等。
2.2.1用活性MnO2氧化示例一:
A500-mL,round-bottomedflask,equippedwithaTeflon-coatedmagneticstirringbar,ischargedwiththe11.2gofallylicalcoholand300mLofdichloromethane,andtheresultingvigorouslystirredsolutionistreatedwith33gofactivemanganesedioxide(380mmol).Additional2–5glotsoftheoxidantareaddedevery2–3hruntilthereactioniscomplete.Thereactionmixtureisvacuum-filteredthroughapadofdiatomaceousearth,andthepadiswashedwith200mLofdichloromethane.Theresultingclearfiltrateisconcentratedcarefullyusingarotaryevaporator,andtheresidualoilispurifiedbybulb-to-bulbdistillationat0.3mm(pottemperature100°C)affording8.43–8.71g(87–90%)ofenoneasapaleyellowoilthatsolidifieswhencooledbelow15°C.Crystallizationofthecrudeproductfrompentaneat−70°Cgives(4S)-(−)-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopenten-1-oneascolorlessneedleshavingmp32–33°C,[α]D23−65.1°(CH3OH,c0.94).
Reference:
OrganicSyntheses,Coll.Vol.9,p.136;Vol.73,p.44
2.2.2用活性MnO2氧化示例二:
A100-mL,one-necked,round-bottomedflaskisfittedwithanefficientrefluxcondenserandarrangedfor