有机合成化学反应之腈的合成.docx

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有机合成化学反应之腈的合成.docx

有机合成化学反应之腈的合成

 

有机合成化学反应之

腈的合成

 

1.前言………………………………………………………………4

2.酰胺的脱水………………………………………………………4

2.1用P2O5为脱水剂的反应实例……………………………………………4

2.2用POCl3为脱水剂的反应实例……………………………………………5

2.3用SOCl2为脱水剂的反应实例……………………………………………5

2.4用PCl5为脱水剂的反应实例………………………………………………6

2.5用Bugess试剂为脱水剂的反应实例…………………………………6

2.6用TFAA-NEt3为脱水剂的反应实例………………………………………7

2.7用(COCl)2-NEt3-DMSO为脱水剂的反应实例……………………………7

2.8用CH3SO2Cl为脱水剂的反应实例…………………………………………8

2.9用TiCl4为脱水剂的反应实例……………………………………………8

2.10叔丁酰胺脱水为腈………………………………………………………………9

3.脂肪卤代烃或磺酸酯的反应…………………………………10

3.1脂肪卤代烃的氰基取代的反应示例………………………………………11

3.2磺酸酯的氰基取代的反应示例……………………………………………11

4.用TMSCN转化羟基到腈………………………………………12

4.1TMSCN双芳基甲醇氰化反应示例……………………………………12

4.2TMSCN单芳基甲醇氰化反应示例……………………………………12

5.用TosMIC直接从酮转化为氰基………………………………13

6.用2,4,6-三异丙基磺酰肼-KCN将酮转化为氰基…………………14

7.芳香卤代烃在金属催化作用下的腈化反应………………………14

7.1钯催化下芳香卤代烃或(TfO-)氰基取代反应……………………………14

7.2Cu催化下芳香卤代烃或(TfO-)和K4[Fe(CN)6]反应氰基取代………16

7.3微波反应芳卤氰基化………………………………………………16

8.肟脱水生成腈………………………………………………………17

 

1.前言

腈类化合物是很多药物的合成中间体,而腈的合成是有机合成中非常重要的一部分,它一般经由如下几种方法制备:

1.酰胺的脱水

2.脂肪卤代烃或磺酸酯的反应

3.芳香卤代烃的氰基取代

4.其他羟基或肟到腈的转化

下面分别进行阐述。

2.酰胺的脱水反应

酰胺的脱水反应可在P2O5、POCl3、SOCl2、PCl5等脱水剂存在下进行脱水反应生成腈,此为实验室合成腈的方法之一。

将酰胺与P2O5的混合物加热,反应毕将生成的腈蒸出可得到良好的收率。

SOCl2最适宜于处理高级的酰胺,这是由于副产物均为气体,易于除去,因而减少精制腈的困难。

同时,以上这些脱水试剂多在酸性条件下反应,对于酸敏感的底物是不实用的,因此人们也开发了许多更加温和的方法用于酰胺的脱水,如:

Burgessreagent[Et3N+SO2N-COOMe],三氟醋酸酐(TFAA)-三乙胺,(COCl)2-NEt3-DMSO等条件可以在低温和几乎中性的条件下反应。

还有甲烷磺酰氯(CH3SO2Cl),四氯化钛(TiCl4)等等。

2.1用P2O5为脱水剂的反应实例

Asolutionof35g(0.16mol)of2-(2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl)-propionamidein500mloftoluenewasrefuxedfor18hoursinthepresenceofP2O5.Theorganicphasewasdecantedoffandtheresiduewascarefullydecomposedwithice-waterandextractedwithether.Theorganicphasewaswashedwithwater,driedoversodiumsulphateandaddedtothetoluenicphase.Thesolventwasevaporatedoffunderreducedpressureandtheresiduewasfractionatedtogive23.8gof2-(2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl)-propionitrile(yield74.4%,boilingpoint:

105.deg.C.at0.2mmHg).

Reference:

US4124710A1(1978/11/07)

2.2用POCl3为脱水剂的反应实例

Amixtureof2-chloro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide(1.4g)in17mlofPOCl3isheatedatrefluxfor18hours.Thereactionmixtureisconcentratedandtheresidueissuspendedin25mlofethylacetate.Thesuspensioniscooledinanicebathandneutralizedwithsaturated,aqueousNaHCO3(topH7).Thephasesareseparatedandtheaqueousphaseisextractedwith20mlofethylacetate.ThecombinedorganicphasesaredriedoverMgSO4,filteredandconcentrated.Theresidueispurifiedbycolumnchromatography(using30percentethylacetate/hexaneaseluent)toafford0.832gof2-cyano-5-chloro-1,3,4-thiadiazole.MP:

65-67.deg.C

Reference:

Patent;EP883611B1(2002/07/31)

2.3用SOCl2为脱水剂的反应实例

Asolutionofthionylchloride(7.70g,0.065mol)indryDMF(10ml)wasaddeddropwisetoastirredsolutionofcompound13(4.20g,0.013mol)indryDMF(25ml)atroomtemperature.Thestirredmixturewasheatedat120Cfor3handpouredintoice–water.Theproductwasextractedintoether(twice)andthecombinedetherealextractswerewashedwithwater,saturatedsodiumhydrogencarbonatesolution,water,anddried(MgSO4).Thesolventwasremovedinvacuoandtheresiduewaspurifiedbycolumnchromatography(silicagel–lightpetroleum(bp40–608C)withthegradualintroductionofdichloromethane)toyieldacolourlesssolid.Yield2.88g(68%);

Reference:

J.Chem.Soc.,PerkinTrans.1,1998,3479–3484

2.4用PCl5为脱水剂的反应实例

4-Oxo-4H-9-oxa-1,4a-diaza-fluorene-3-carboxylicacidamide(4.58g,20mmol)wassuspendedin150mlofanhydrousDMF,PC15(5.0g,24mmol)wasadded,andthemixturewasstirredfor2hat40-50oC.Thereactionmixturewaspouredinto600mlice-watertoyieldasolid,whichwascollectedbyfiltration.Thesolidwaswashedthoroughly(firstwithsaturatedaqueousNaHCO3,thenwithwater)anddriedtogive4-oxo-4H-9-oxa-1,4a-diaza-fluorene-3-carbonitrile.

Ref:

J.Med.Chem.1983,26,608-611

2.5用Bugess试剂为脱水剂的反应实例

Toasolutionof2-tetrazol-1-yl-benzamide(1.5g,7.9mmol)intetrahydrofuran(50ml)wasaddedEt3N+SO2N-COOMe(2.8g,11.8mmol)inthreeportionsover1.5h.Waterwasaddedandthereactionmixturewasextractedwithethylacetate.Thecombinedorganiclayerswerewashedwithbrineandwater.Afterdryingandfiltration,thesolventwasevaporatedtogive2-tetrazol-1-yl-benzonitrile.

Reference:

J.Med.Chem.47,12,2004,2995-3008.

PreparationofBugessreagent:

将无水甲醇19.2g(0.6mol)和无水苯40mL的混合物在30-40分钟内,滴入ClSO2NCO85g(52.3mL,0.6mol)和无水苯200mL的混合物中,控温10-15℃。

加毕,室温搅拌2小时。

然后加入1000mL无水苯稀释后,小心滴入190mL无水三乙胺和250mL无水苯的混合物中,控温10-15℃,约40分钟左右加完。

加毕,室温搅拌2小时,析出大量固体。

反应毕,过滤,固体用无水苯200mL、无水THF200mL洗后,滤液浓缩后,(控温<30℃),加入无水THF溶解后,重结晶得123g,收率86%。

注:

整个操作温度要低于30℃。

2.6用TFAA-NEt3为脱水剂的反应实例

Toamixtureofcompoundamide(287mg,1mmol),Et3N(470mg,4.5mmol)inanhydrousDCM(4mL)wasaddedTFAA(0.44g,2mmol)at0℃withstirring.Theresultingmixturewaswarmedtoroomtemperatureandstirredfor12h.ThereactionwasmonitoredbyTLC(Hexane:

AcOEt=1:

1)untilitscompletion.Theorganiclayerwaswashedwithbrineandwater,driedandconcentratedtogivethedesiredproduct(~80%yield).

2.7用(COCl)2-NEt3-DMSO为脱水剂的反应实例

Asolutionof(COCl)2(67μL,0.77mmol)inCH2Cl2(0.5mL)wasaddedtothesolutionof3-carbamoyl-piperidine-1-carboxylicacidtert-butylester(142.0mmol)andDMSO(78μL,1.1mol)inCH2Cl2(1.5mL)at-78oC.Afterstirringfor15minat-78oC,Et3N(0.23mL,1.65mmol)wasaddeddropwisetothemixture.Afterthereactionmixturewasstirredfor15min.at-78oC,themixturewasquenchedbyadditionofwater(5mL).Afterthismixturewaswarmedtoroomtemperature,theaqueouslayerwasextractedwithEtOAc(3×10mL).Thecombinedorganiclayerswerewashedwithbrine,driedandfiltered.Concentrationafterfiltrationinvaccuofollowedbypurificationbycolumngave3-cyano-piperidine-1-carboxylicacidtert-butylester(123.3mg,93%).

Reference:

T.L.38,12,1997,2099-2102

2.8用甲烷磺酰氯(CH3SO2Cl)为脱水剂的反应实例

6-(3-Methoxy-2-propyl-phenyl)-hexanoicacidamide(7.2g,27.2mmol)wascooledto0oCandaddedmethane-sulfonylchloride(18.5mL,239mmol)dropwiseover5min.Themixturewasstirredovernightwhileslowlywarmingto25oC.Thereactionmixturewasthenpouredinto3volumesoficewater.Theaqueousmixturewasrepeatedlyextractedwithethylacetate.ThecombinedorganicextractswerewashedwithdiluteHC1andbrine,thendriedoverMgSO4.Afterevaporationofthesolvent,abrownoilyresiduewasobtained.Thecrudenitrilewaspurifiedbybulb-to-bulbdistillation(bp133-137"C(0.02mmHg)),whichwaspureenoughforfurthertransformation(5.50g,83%).

Reference:

J.Med.Chem.1988,31,172-175

2.9用TiCl4为脱水剂的反应实例

ToasolutionofCCl4(110μL,1.17mmol)andTHF(6mL)at0oCwasaddedTiCl4(58μL,0.52mmol).After5min,5,11-diethyl-8-methoxy-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-chrysene-2-carboxylicacidamide(47mg,0.13mmol)inTHF(14mL)andEt3N(72μL,0.52mmol)wasaddedtothisyellowheterogeneoussolution,andstirringwascontinuedatroomtemperatureuntilnostartingmaterialremained.Diethyletherandwaterwereadded,andtheorganiclayerwaswashedwithbrine,driedoverMgSO4,andconcentrated.Repeatedrecrystallizationfromdiethylethergave5,11-diethyl-8-methoxy-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-chrysene-2-carbonitrile(45mg,99%).

Reference:

J.Org.Chem.1992,1262-1271

2.10叔丁酰胺脱水为腈

叔丁酰胺也可当作伯酰胺的替代品,在二氯亚砜,三氯氧磷或草酰氯作用下脱叔丁基脱水为腈,因此有时在制备伯酰胺不容易时,做成相应的叔丁酰胺转化为腈也不失为一个好的方法。

2.10.1叔丁酰胺脱水为腈示例一

Asolutionof1.240mmolofN-tert-butyl-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-[2]pyridin-7-yl)benzamideand1.0mlofthionylchloridein30mlofchloroformisstirredunderrefluxfor6hours.Thereactionmixtureiscooledtoroomtemperatureandevaporated.Theresidueistakenupindichloromethaneandmixedwithsaturatedaqueoussodiumbicarbonatesolution.Theorganicphaseisseparatedandtheaqueousphaseisextractedwithdichloromethane(2x).Thecombinedorganicphasesaredriedwithsodiumsulphateandconcentrated.TheresidueisdissolvedindiethyletherandthetitlecompoundisconvertedintothehydrochloridesaltbyaddingetherealHCIsolution(2N).Thesolidisstirredindiethylether/acetone(1:

1),filteredanddried.Thetitlecompoundisobtainedasadarkgreysolid.Rf(freebase)=0.36(EtOAc)

Reference:

WO2005/118540

2.10.2叔丁酰胺脱水为腈示例二

A5LroundbottomflaskwaschargedwithN,N'-di-tert-butyl-5-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitro-

phenoxy)-isophthalamide(21;564g)and1.3Lofphosphorusoxychloride.Themixturewasheatedtobetween90degC.~100.deg.C.for2h,afterwhichapproximately1/2ofthePOCl3wasremovedbydistillation.Toluenewasadded(1L)andadditionalliquidwasdistilled.Aftercoolingthemixtureovernight,acrudewasobtainedbyfiltration.Additionalmaterialwasobtainedbyrecoveryfromthemotherliquid.ThecombinedsolidswerestirredinMeOH(0.7L)forbetween1and3h,filteredanddriedinavacuumovenbetween50~80degC.at25Torrwithanitrogenbleedtoafford339gof22(90percenttheory).

Reference:

US2005/234236

2.10.3叔丁酰胺脱水为腈示例三

Atice-waterbath,oxalylchloride(0.345ml)wasaddeddropwisetoasolutionof1.0gofethyl1-{4-[2-(t-butylaminocarbonyl)phenyl]phenyl}methyl-4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-propylimidazole-5-carboxylatein10mlofmethylenechloride.Themixturewasstirredatthesametemperaturefor2hours.Thereactionmixturewasdilutedwithanaqueoussolutionofsodiumhydrogencarbonateandethylacetate,andtheethylacetatelayerwasseparated,driedoveranhydrousmagnesiumsulfateandconcentratedbyevaporationunderreducedpressure.Theresiduewaspurifiedbysilicagelcolumnchromatography,using1:

1EtOAc/hex(v/v)astheeluent,togi

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