新概念英语介词.docx
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新概念英语介词
介词
金牌要点:
“英语是介词和动词的语言”,由此可见,掌握介词的用法何其重要。
学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系,请参考下图:
I.分类:
1.常用简单介词:
about,across,against,among,after,at,behind,besides,beyond,by,concerning,beneath,between,despite,except,during,down,for,from,past,than,under,until等。
2.合成介词:
inside,outside,onto,outof,within等。
3.短语介词:
accordingto,aheadof,alongwith,asfor,becauseof,bemeansof,dueto,inspiteof,onbehalfof,owingto,withregardto等。
II.介词与“……的”之关系:
在英语学习中,一遇到“……的”,大家就会立刻想到’s所有格或者of。
实际上,在很多情况下,“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。
以下请同学们重复记忆:
●美国的冬天→thewinterinAmerica
●停车场的入口→theentrancetotheparkinglot
●穿过森林的小路→thepaththroughtheforest
●鲁迅的著作→theworksbyLuXun
●水中的月亮→themoonreflectedinwater
●历史的见证→thewitnesstohistory
●对爱的渴望→alongingforlove
●对我们不利的证据→theevidenceagainstus
●阳光下的漫步→awalkinthesunlight
●追求名誉的女人→aladyafterfame
●两人之间的争论→anargumentbetweenthetwopersons
重要介词的重要用法:
(1)from:
此介词表示“to”相反的方向。
HecamefromLondon.
HewenttoLondon.
二词常搭配使用“from...to...”
WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoon.
He'llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.
经典用法:
●由于→Thegirlistremblingfromfear.
●免除→Trampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。
●分开→Thecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.
●由……制成→Theredwineismadefromgrapes.红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。
由from引导的惯用法:
fromfar从远处
fromnow/thenon从现在/那时起
frombadtoworse每况愈下
fromtimetotime(occasionally时而)
习语:
Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime.
(2)outof:
表示与"into"相反的语意。
Hewillbeoutoftown.
Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.
outof+名词(=lack,tobewithout用完,用光)
Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.
outofdate(=old-fashioned过时的)
Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.
outofwork(=jobless失业的)
Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.
outofthequestion(=impossible不可能的)
Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.
outofquestion(=doubtless毫无疑问的)
Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.
outoforder(=notfunctioning失灵的)
Herradioisoutoforder,soshecan'tlistentoit.
(3)by:
表示从旁经过或在……附近。
Hepassedbymewithoutsayinghello.
Helivesbythesea.
经典用法:
●通过→Thisisthenearestroadbywhichtheycame.
●在……时候→Theyoungmanworksbydayandstealsmoneybynight.
●由……所生→Hehastwosonsbyhersecondwife.
●抓住→Shecaughtherchildbyhiscoatintheflood.
●按……计算→Thefarmersselltheirapplesbythepound.
●就(气质,特征)而言→Heisanartistbytemperament(气质).
用于被动语意,导出动作执行者:
Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.
by+具体时间:
Theyusuallyhavedinnerby8o'clock.
by+交通工具(bus,train,plan...):
HetravelledtoParisbyair/plane.
bytheendof+时间名词:
到……末为止
Bytheendoflastyear,theyhadlearnt100texts.
Bytheendofthisterm,theywillhavelearnt100texts.
bythen:
到那时
Hewillgraduatein1999,bythenhewillleaveBeijing.
bywayof(=via):
经由,取道
TheyaregoingtotheUnitedStatesbywayofHongKong.
bytheway:
顺便问
Bytheway,doyouknowwhereMr.Lihasgone?
byfar:
……得多(用于修饰比较级和最高级)
Thebookisbyfarthebestonthesubject.
byaccident:
不小心,与onpurpose(故意地)语意相反
Thewronginformationwasputintothecomputerbyaccident.
(4)in:
在……内部,与"out"语意相反。
Allthestudentsareintheclassroom.
in+month/year:
在某月/年
inJanuary,in2000
intime:
及时
Theyarrivedatthestationintime.
intheway挡住去路
Hecouldn'tdrivehiscarawaybecauseabigstonewasintheway.
onceinawhile时而
Onceinawhile,hewenttotheMuseum.
innotimeatall立刻,迅速
Hefinishedhishomeworkinnotimeatall.
inthemeantime同时
Hewashavingsupper,andinthemeantimehewatchedTV.
inarow坐在某一排上
Wesatinthe20throwofthecinema.
intheeventthat如果
Intheeventthatyoupasstheexam,I'lltelephoneyou.
incase万一,如果
Bringyouraincoatincaseitrains.
inthestreet在街上
inthepast在过去
inthefuture在未来
inthebeginning开始,起初
intheend最后,终于
getintouchwith与……取得联系
keepintouchwith与……保持联系
(5)on:
位于某物体表面上。
Thedishesareontheroundtable.
onaday/date在某天及某天的上,下午,晚上
onWednesday,onFebruary9th,1999
onFridayafternoon,onadarknight.
ona/the+(bus,plane,ship,train,bike)
Hewenttoschoolonabus.
ona...street在某条街道
Mrs.Smithliveson5th'Avenue.
onthecorner(oftwostreets)在两条街道相交的一角
Thatshoestoreisonthecornerof2ndStreetand5thAvenue.
onthetelevision/theradio在电视/收音机里
ThemanagerwillmakeaspeechontheTV.
onthetelephone打电话
Youarewantedonthephone.有您的电话
onsale出售
Thebooksareonsalefor$7each.
onthefloorofabuilding位于某层楼
ontime准时(比intime具体)
onthesidewalk在人行道上
ontheway在途中
ontheright/left在右侧/左侧
onthewhole总的来说,总体上
ontheonehand,ortheotherhand一方面,另一方面
onfoot步行
(6)at:
此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。
at+地点
Mr.Smithlivesat15,16thAvenue.
注:
在某条街道On...street,而在某街某号应用at。
at+特定时间
At7:
00inthemorning,hegoestowork.
athome/school/work在家上学上班
atnight在晚上
atbest充其量
attimes有时
atpeace和平状态
atleast至少
atworst最差
atintervals间或,时而
atrandom随意,胡乱地
atmost至多
atpresent目前,现在
atwar交战
atleisure悠闲自得地
ataloss不知所措
atlarge逍遥法外
(7)其它介词短语:
inplaceof/insteadof代替
forthemostpart-mainly主要地
inhopesof希望……
offandon时断时续
allofasudden突然
forgood永远
(8)“动词短语+介词”构成的习语:
breakoff结束
Thetwocountriesbrokeofftheirdiplomaticrelationship.
callonsb.要求,拜访,呼吁
Hecalledontheworkerstostruggle.
carefor关心,照顾,喜爱
Sheonlycaresfornewclothes.
Ihavetocareformysonafterschool.
checkon调查
comealongwithsb.伴随,和某人在一起
comedownwith因……而生病
Lastsummer,manypeoplecamedownwithintestinaldisorders.
getby设法生存
Despitethehighcostofliving,wewillgetbyonoursalary.
getthrough完成,接通(电话)
It'snoteasytogetthroughtheworkinaday.
HowcanIgetthroughtoyou?
getup起床,组织
Apartywillbegotupinmyhouse.
holdonto抓住,坚持
Inspiteofbeingamillionaire,heholdsontohisusuallivingways.
holdup抢劫,忍受,停止
Thebankwashelduplastnight.
Heheldupverywellafterthedeathofhiswife.
Theworkhadbeenheldup.
runacross遇见,见到
Iranacrosssomeoldfriendsyesterday.
runinto偶然碰见
WhenTomwasinLondon,heranintohisgoodfriendatthetheatre.
seeabout考虑
Theyoungmanisseeingaboutgettingaticketforthefootballgame.
takeoverfor替代
ItookoverforJanetbecauseshewasill.
tryout试验,试行
Theyaretryingoutanewideatohelpthepoorstudents.
turnin上交,睡觉
Afteratiringday,heturnedinearly.
watchoutfor警觉
Pleasewatchoutforthieves.
weighonsb.压迫,使……焦虑
Someproblemsareweighingonme,soIcan'tsleepwell.
bringup抚养,提出
counton依靠、指望
doawaywith摆脱
drawup起草
dropoutof(school...)退(学)
figureout弄明白,弄清楚
findout发现,查明(事实)
goalongwith同意
passout昏迷
talkover讨论
测试精编
1.—Whereisyourhometown?
—Itisabout20miles________theeastofChicago.
A.inB.onC.toD.by
2.WhenImetJenny,Itookaliking________heratonce.
A.ofB.forC.onD.in
3.Iam________yourtemper.
A.fedupbyB.fedupwith
C.fedupbecauseofD.fedupto
4.—Doyoulikeworkingasawaiter?
—Yes,butIgettired________thewholeday.
A.withstandingB.fromstanding
C.tostandD.ofthestanding
5.Theaccidentclearlyresulted________yourcarelessness.
A.inB.onC.forD.from
6.—WhydoyouaskifI'vebeensmoking?
—Becauseyousmell________cigarettes.
A.ofB.byC.withD.as
7.Thecollegesvarysogreatlythattheproblemwasfinallyansweredonly________.
A.withrespecttoaspecificcollege
B.gettingtospecificcollege
C.withaviewtospecificcollege
D.witharegardtoaspecificcollege
8.—Haveyousomeotherreasons________theonesyoujustmentionedabove?
—Yes,Ido.
A.inadditionB.besidesC.offD.beside
9.—Doyoueverdancelikethatinpublic?
—Certainlynot!
Thatwouldbe________mydignity.
A.beneathB.underC.beyondD.above
10.—Whatdoyouhavetodotomorrow?
—I'llhaveto________inaconference.
A.joinB.takingpartC.attendD.participate
11.Moderntechnologicaladvancesarebeingmade,but________.
A.withhighlyconsiderableexpense
B.atagreatexpense
C.withgreatexpenseinvolved
D.byalotofexpense
12.—Whydidn'tyougotothelectureyesterdayevening?
—________,Ichangedmymind.
A.OnasecondthoughtB.Bythesecondthought
C.OnsecondthoughtsD.Bysecondthoughts
13.________onetime,Manchesterwasthehomeofthemostproductivecottonmillsintheworld.
A.OnB.ByC.ToD.At
14.—Wasn'ttheissuesettled?
—No,thetwosidesarestill________conflict.
A.inB.duringC.onD.with
15.—Howdoyoulikethesearticles?
—Theyarenotmuch________demandnow.
A.onB.inC.atD.for
(后设答案,大家不要偷看哦~(*^__^*)嘻嘻……)
KEYS
1.C2.B3.B4.B5.D6.A7.A8.B9.A10.D11.B12.C13.D14.A15.B
介系词和其他词性的差异
介系词和连接词都具有关联或连接功能。
如after,as,before,since,until等词,即可以既可作介系词又可作连接词用,不过介系词引导的是名词性或名词化的宾语,而连接词引导的是一个从属分句。
例如
1thedaybeforeshearrived
2thedaybeforeherarrival
第一句的before是连接词,后面接一分句,而第二句的before是介系词,后面接一名词宾语。
介系词常在形式上与副词一致,在词义上与副词相近的词类。
例如
1Shelookeduptheword.
2Shelookedupthehill.
3Shewalkedacrossthestreet.
第一句中的up和第三句中的across都是带宾语的介词(upthehill,acrossthestreet)。
然而,第二句中的up是副词,因为在短语动词lookup中up具有位置的可移动性。
介词的位置
一般放在宾语之前;疑问句中可放句末;若含介词的动词短语为被动型态时,亦放句末。
1.介词一般放在宾语之前。
但在疑问句里,介词可用在句末(或子句末),这叫作介词后置。
例子:
I'llwaitforyouattheschoolgatethen.
那么,我在学校门口等你。
WeworkhardatEnglish.
我们很努力学英语。
Whatareyoutalkingabout?
你们在谈论什么?
Whowereyouhavingsupperwith?
你和谁共进晚餐?
Idon'tknowwhathecameherefor
我不知道他到这儿来干什么。
2.当含有介词的动词短语用于被动句时,介词也应放在句末。
因为它和前面的动词构成的短语不可分离。
例子:
Theyoungtreesmustbelookedafterverywell.
必须细心爱护小树。
Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof.
孩子们得到很好的照顾。