最新美国法学院入学考试真题.docx

最新美国法学院入学考试真题.docx

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最新美国法学院入学考试真题

最新美国法学院入学考试真题

最新美国法学院入学考试真题

SECTIONI

Time35minutes26Questions

Directions:

Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandnetpletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

PainterFridaKahlo（1910-1954）oftenusedharrowingimagesderivedfromherMexicanheritagetoexpresssufferingcausedbyadisablingaccidentandastormymarriage.Suggestingmuchpersonalandemotionalcontent,herworks―manyofthemself-portraits―havebeenexhaustivelypsychoanalyzed,whiletheirpoliticalcontenthasbeenlessstudied.YetKahlowasanardentpoliticalactivistwhoinherartsoughtnotonlytoexploreherownroots,butalsotochampionMexico’sstruggleforanindependentpoliticalandculturalidentity.

KahlowasinfluencedbyMarxism,whichappealedtomanyintellectualsinthe1920sand1930s,andbyMexicannationalism.InterestinMexico’scultureandhistoryhadrevivedinthenineteenthcentury,andbytheearly1900s,Mexicanindigenistatendenciesrangedfromaviolentlyanti-SpanishidealizationofAztecMexicotoanemphasisoncontemporaryMexicanIndiansasthekeytoauthenticMexicanculture.Mexicannationalism,reactingagainstcontemporaryUnitedStatespoliticalinterventioninlabordisputesaswellasagainstpastdominationbySpain,identifiedtheAztecsasthelastindependentrulersofanindigenouspoliticalunit.Kahlo’sformofMexicanidad,aromanticnationalismthatfocusedupontraditionalartunitingallindigenistas,reveredtheAztecsasapowerfulpre-ColumbiansocietythathadunitedalargeareaoftheMiddleAmericasandthatwasthoughttohavebeenbasedonnetmunallabor,theMarxistideal.

Inherpaintings,KahlorepeatedlyemployedAztecsymbols,suchasskeletonsorbleedingheartsthatweretraditionallyrelatedtotheemanationoflifefromdeathandlightfromdarkness.TheseimagesofdestructioncoupledwithcreationspeaknotonlytoKahlo’spersonalbattleforlife,butalsototheMexicanstruggletoemergeasanation―byimplication,toemergewiththepoliticalandculturalstrengthadmiredintheAzteccivilization.Self-portraitontheBorderbetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates（1932）,forexample,showsKahlowearingabonenecklace,holdingaMexicanflag,andstandingbetweenahighlyindustrializedUnitedStatesandanagricultural,preindustrialMexico.OntheUnitedStatessidearemechanisticandmodernimagessuchassmokestacks,lightbulbs,androbots.Incontrast,theorganicandancientsymbolsontheMexicanside―ablood-drenchedSun,lushvegetation,anAztecsculpture,apre-Columbiantemple,andaskullalludingtothosethatlinedthewallsofAztectemples―emphasizetheinterrelationoflife,death,theearth,andthecosmos.

KahloportrayedAztecimagesinthefolkloricstyleoftraditionalMexicanpaintings,therebyheighteningtheclashbetweenmodernmaterialismandindigenoustradition;similarly,shefavoredplannedeconomicdevelopment,butnotattheexpenseofculturalidentity.Heruseoffamiliarsymbolsinareadilyaccessiblestylealsoservedhergoalofbeingpopularlyunderstood;inturn,KahloisviewedbysomeMexicansasamythicfigurerepresentativeofnationalismitself.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?

（A）ThedoctrinesofMarxistideologyandMexicannationalismheavilyinfluencedMexicanpaintersofKahlo’sgeneration.

（B）Kahlo’spaintingscontainnumerousreferencestotheAztecsasanindigenousMexicanpeoplepredatingEuropeaninfluence.

（C）AnimportantelementofKahlo’sworkisconveyedbysymbolsthatreflectheradvocacyofindigenousMexicancultureandMexicanpoliticalautonomy.

（D）TheuseofAztecimagesandsymbolsinKahlo’sartcanbetracedtothelatenineteenth-centuryrevivalofinterestinMexicanhistoryandculture.

（E）KahlousedAztecimageryinherpaintingsprimarilyinordertofostercontemporaryappreciationfortheauthenticartoftraditionalMexicanculture.

2.WithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsconcerningpsychoanalyticandpoliticalinterpretationsofKahlo’sworkwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

（A）ThepsychoanalyticinterpretationsofKahlo’sworktendtochallengethepoliticalinterpretations.

（B）PoliticalandpsychoanalyticinterpretationsarenetplementaryapproachestoKahlo’swork.

（C）RecentpoliticalinterpretationsofKahlo’sworkarecausingpsychoanalyticcriticstorevisetheirowninterpretations.

（D）Unlikethepoliticalinterpretations,thepsychoanalyticinterpretationsmakeuseofbiographicalfactsofKahlo’slife.

（E）Kahlo’smythicstatusamongtheaudienceKahlomostwantedtoreachisbaseduponthepsychoanalyticratherthanthepoliticalcontentofherwork.

3.WhichoneofthefollowingstancestowardtheUnitedStatesdoesthepassagementionascharacterizingMexicannationalistsintheearlytwentiethcentury?

（A）oppositiontoUnitedStatesinvolvementininternalMexicanaffairs

（B）desiretodecreaseemigrationoftheMexicanlaborforcetotheUnitedStates

（C）desiretoimproveMexico’seconomicnetpetitivenesswiththeUnitedStates

（D）reluctancetoimitatetheUnitedStatesmodelofrapidindustrialization

（E）advocacyofagovernmentbaseduponthatoftheMarxistSovietUnionratherthanthatoftheUnitedStates

4.Inthecontextofthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingphrasescouldbestbesubstitutedfortheword“romantic”（line24）withoutsubstantiallychangingtheauthor’smeaning?

（A）dreamyandescapist

（B）nostalgicandidealistic

（C）fancifulandimaginative

（D）transcendentalandimpractical

（E）overwroughtandsentimental

5.ThepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanAztecsymbolorimagefoundinKahlo’spaintingsEXCEPTa

（A）skeleton

（B）sculpture

（C）serpent

（D）skull

（E）bleedingheart

6.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraph?

（A）contrastofopposingideas

（B）reconciliationofconflictingconcepts

（C）interrelationofnetplementarythemes

（D）explicationofaprinciple’simplications

（E）supportforageneralizationbymeansofanexample

7.ThepassageimpliesthatKahlo’sattitudetowardtheeconomicdevelopmentofMexicowas

（A）enthusiastic

（B）condemnatory

（C）cautious

（D）nonnetmittal

（E）uncertain

8.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

（A）critiqueanartist’sstyle

（B）evaluateopposingtheories

（C）reconcileconflictingarguments

（D）advocateanadditionalinterpretation

（E）reconsideranartistinlightofnewdiscoveries

参考答案：

1-8CBABCECD

Inrecentyears,agrowingbeliefthatthewaysocietydecideswhattotreatastrueiscontrolledthroughlargelyunrecognizeddiscursivepracticeshasledlegalreformerstoexaminethenetplexinterconnectionsbetweennarrativeandlaw.Inmanylegalsystems,legaljudgmentsarebasedonnetpetingstoriesaboutevents.Withouthavingwitnessedtheseevents,judgesandjuriesmustvalidatesomestoriesastrueandrejectothersasfalse.Thisprocedureisrootedinobjectivism,aphilosophicalapproachthathassupportedmostWesternlegalandintellectualsystemsforcenturies.Objectivismholdsthatthereisasingleneutraldescriptionofeacheventthatisunskewedbyanyparticularpointofviewandthathasaprivilegedpositionoverallotheraccounts.Thelaw’squestfortruth,therefore,consistsoflocatingthisobjectivedescription,theonethattellswhatreallyhappened,asopposedtowhatthoseinvolvedthoughthappened.Theseriousflawinobjectivismisthatthereisnosuchthingastheneutral,objectiveobserver.Aspsychologistshavedemonstrated,allobserversbringtoasituationasetofexpectations,values,andbeliefsthatdeterminewhattheobserversareabletoseeandhear.Twoindividualslisteningtothesamestorywillheardifferentthings,becausetheyemphasizethoseaspectsthataccordwiththeirlearnedexperiencesandignorethoseaspectsthataredissonantwiththeirviewoftheworld.Hencethereisneveranyescapeinlifeorinlawfromselectiveperceptionorfromsubjectivejudgmentsbasedonpriorexperiences,values,andbeliefs.

Thesocietalharmcausedbytheassumptionofobjectivistprinciplesintraditionallegaldiscourseisthat,historically,thestoriesjudgedtobeobjectivelytruearethosetoldbypeoplewhoaretrainedinlegaldiscourse,whilethestoriesofthosewhoarenotfluentinthelanguageofthelawarerejectedasfalse.

LegalscholarssuchasPatriciaWilliams,DerrickBell,andMariMatsudahavesoughtempowermentforthelattergroupofpeoplethroughtheconstructionofalternativelegalnarratives.Objectivistlegaldiscoursesystematicallydisallowsthelanguageofemotionandexperiencebyfocusingoncognitioninitsnarrowestsense.Theselegalreformersproposereplacingsuchabstractdiscoursewithpowerfulpersonalstories.Theyarguethattheabsorbing,nonthreateningstructureandtoneofpersonalstoriesmayconvincelegalinsidersforthefirsttimetolistentothosenotfluentinlegallanguage.Thenetpellingforceofpersonalnarrativecancreateasenseofempathybetweenlegalinsidersandpeopletraditionallyexcludedfromlegaldiscourseand,hence,frompower.Suchalternativenarrativescanshatterthenetplacencyofthelegalestablishmentanddisturbitstranquility.Thus,theengagingpowerofnarrativemightplayacrucial,positiveroleintheprocessoflegalreconstructionbyovernetingdifferencesinbackgroundandtrainingandforminganewcollectivitybasedone