王文琴专八人文知识.docx

王文琴专八人文知识.docx

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王文琴专八人文知识

精编英语专业八级——人文知识

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王文琴世界图书出版公司出版

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1.ABC（abb.）AmericanBroadcastingCompany;AssociatedBritishCinema.

2.AbileneAtownofKansas,USA.ItwasarailwayterminusandlawlesstownuntilorderwasintroducedbyMarshal'WildBill'Hickokin1871.ThereisanEisenhowermuseum.

3.Abolitionists（UShist.）Thosewhoopposedslaverybetween1830and1860---intheyearsleadinguptotheCivilWar.

4.AbombAtomicbomb.

5.AbortionThedeathorkillingofthefetusbeforebirth.AbortionhasbeenlegalinGB（GreatBritain）since1968,incertaincircumstances.IntheUSthelawsconcerningabortionvaryfromstatetostate.Since1967ninestateshavemadeabortionlegal.

6.AbstractExpressionismAmovementinartthatbeganinNewYorkinthe1940sanddominatedAmericanpaintinginthe1950s.Abstractexpressionismgrewoutofsurrealism;themostimportantsinglefigureinitsdevelopmentwasArshileGorky.OtherleadingfiguresinthemovementwereRobertMotherwell,WillemdeKooningandtheGerman-AmericanpainterHansHoffman.

7.AcronymAcombinationoftheinitialsofseveralwords:

e.g.WTO,from'WorldTradeOrganization'.

8.Adams,John（1735-1826）SecondPresidentoftheUSA（1797--1801）.HewasbornatQuincy,Massachusetts.HewasoneofthosewhosignedtheDeclarationofIndependence.

9.A.D.Latin:

AnnoDomini,intheyearofourLord,i.e.afterChrist.

10.AEC（abb.）（US）AtomicEnergyCommission.

11.Agincourt,Battleofabattlefoughtin1415betweentheFrenchandtheEnglish,duringtheHundredYearsWar.ItwasafamousvictoryfortheEnglish,underHenryV.

12.AirForce（GB）TheRoyalAirForcewasformedin1918bymergingtheRoyalFlyingCorps（1912）andtheRoyalNavalAirService.DuringtheFirstWorldWaraircraftwereusedfirstonlyforreconnaissance;thenairfightingdeveloped.DuringtheSecondWorldWartheR.A.F.playedaveryvitalpart,defeatingtheGermanLuftwaffeintheBattleofBritain.（US）TheUSwasthefirstcountrytopracticeanyformofwarfromtheair;balloonswereusedintheAmericanCivilWar.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,theUSairforcewasverysmall.DuringtheSecondWorldWarandafterit,USairstrengthandaircraftproductionincreasedgreatly,theUSbuiltupastrategicair-force.USstrategicaircommandkeepsupa24houradaypatrolofbombersarmedwithnuclearweapons.

13.AirTransport（GB）ThefirstflightacrosstheAtlanticwasmadebytwoEnglishmen,JohnAlcockandArthurW.Brown,in1919.In1924ImperialAirwayswasestablished,itWasreplacedbyBritishOverseasAirwaysCorporation（BOAC）,andin1946BritishEuropeanAirways（BEA）wasfounded.ThesearenowcombinedandknownasBritishAirways,anationalizedpubliccorporation.（US）TherearenostateairlinesintheUSA,butsomeoftheprivateonesareverylarge,e.g.Trans-WorldAirlines（TWA）andPan-AmericanAirways（Pan-Am）.

14.AlabamaAstateoftheUSA,intheDeepSouth,knownasthe'cottonstate'.ThecapitalisMontgomeryandthelargestcityisBirmingham.Thestateismainlyagricultural.Duringthe1950sand60sAlabamawasthesceneofconflictovercivilrightsandintegration.

15.Alamein,BattleofoneofthemostimportantbattleoftheSecondWorldWar.ItwasfoughtinOctober-November1942,intheWesternDesertofNorthAfrica.TheBritish8thArmy,underGeneralMontgomery,defeatedtheGermansandItaliansunderRommel.

16.AlaskaAstateoftheUSA,intheextremenorth-westofthecontinent,geographicallyseparatefromtherestoftheUSA.ThecapitalisJuneau.Itisthelargestofthestatebuttheonewiththelowestpopulation.AlaskaincludesthehighestpeakinNorthAmerica,Mt.McKinley（20,320feet）.

17.Albee,EdwardFranklin（b.1928）Americanplaywright.HisplaysincludeTheZooStory,Who'sAfraidofVirginiaWoolfandTinyAlice.HewonaPulitzerPrizein1967forADelicateBalanceandin1975forSeascape.

18.AlbertHallAconcerthallinKensington,London,builtin1867-1871,inmemoryofPrinceAlbert,thehusbandofQueenVictoria.ItisthehomeofthePromenadeConcerts,andmanyotherformsofentertainment.

19.Alfred'theGreat'（c.848-c.900）Englishking.HeforcedtheDanesoutofWessesandmadepeacewiththemin878（thepeaceofWedmore）.TheAnglo-SaxonChroniclewasbegunduringhisreign.Hestrengthenedgovernment,lawandeducation.

20.Allies,the23countriesthatwerealliedagainsttheCentralPowersintheFirstWorldWar,includingtheBritishEmpire,France,Italy,RussiaandtheUSA;the49countriesthatwerealliedagainsttheAxisintheSecondWorldWar,includingBelgium,China,Denmark,France,GBandtheCommonwealth,Greece,theNetherlands,Norway,theYSA,theUSSR,Yugoslavia.

21.AllophoneDistinctvariantsofaphoneme.

22.A.M.（abb.）Antemeridiem,beforenoon.23.AmericanIndependence,Warof（1775-1783）（US:

TheRevolutionaryWar）ThestruggleofthethirteenBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericaforindependence,whichendedintheformingoftheUSA.ThemaincausesofthewarweretaxesimposedbytheBritishgovernment.Thecoloniesrebelledin1775,thefirstshotswerefiredatLexington,andthefirstbattlewasfoughtatBunkerHill.TheContinentalCongressappointedGeneralWashingtonasleaderofitsforces,andissuedtheDeclarationofIndependenceon4July1776.ThewarwasendedbytheTreatyofParis,1783,whichrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUSA.

24.Anderson,Sherwood（1876-1941）Americanwriter.Hebecamewell-knownwiththevolumesofshortstoriesWinesburg,Ohio（1919）andTheTriumphoftheEgg（1921）.Hedealswiththedifficultyofnaturalbehaviorinanindustrialsociety.

25.AnglicanCommunionAbodyofchurchesthatincludestheChurchofEnglandandotherchurchesthatholdessentiallythesamebeliefs.AltogethertheAnglicanCommunionincludes540dioceses,representingover73millionmembers.

26.Anglo-SaxonsTheGermanictribeswhoconqueredBritainbetweenthe5thand7thcenturies,TheEnglish-speakingpeopleingeneralaresometimescalledAnglo-Saxons（wrongly）,andthenameisalsogiventotheOldEnglishLanguage.TheAnglo-SaxonChronicle:

（c.891-c.1154）isaseriesofnationalhistoriesbegununderKingAlfred.

27.Anne（1665-1714）QueenofGreatBritainandIreland,themaineventsofherreignweretheActofUnionwithScotlandin1707andtheWaroftheSpanishSuccession（1702-1713）.Anne'sreignisrememberedasatimeoffiercestrugglesbetweenthepoliticalparties.

28.AntonymyTheoppositenessofmeaningbetweenwords,e.g.tallandshort.Thereareseveraltypesoflexicalopposites:

gradableopposites,complementarityandrelationalopposites.Gradableoppositesinvolvesomekindofdegreeinrelationship.e.g.betweenlargeandsmall.Mutuallyexclusivewordsarecalledungradableopposites,thatis,complementarity.e.g.betweenfemaleandmale.Relationaloppositesdenotethereversalofarelationship.E.g.betweenbuyandsell.

29.AppalachianMountainsAgeneralnameforthemountainsystemofeasternNorthAmerica,stretchingnearly1,500miles,fromQuebecprovince,Canada,toAlabama.

30.Appliedlinguisticstheapplicationoflinguistics.Oftenitreferstotheapplicationoffindingsinlinguisticstoeducation,especiallytoteachingEnglishasaforeignorsecondlanguage.

31.ArbitrarinessThereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweentheacousticimageandtheconceptoftheword.Takethewordtableforexample.Thereisnoreasontoexplainwhytheconceptoftableshouldberepresentedbythesoundofthewordtable.

32.ArcheryTheuseofthebowandarrowinwarorsport.DuringtheMiddleAgesEnglisharcherswonahighreputation,especiallybytheiruseofthelong-bowatthebattleofAgincourt.

33.Aristocracy（GB）Thetermthatisusedtodescribeagroupofpeoplewithinheritedtitlesofnobility.TheBritishtitlesofhereditarynobilityare,inorderofrank:

Duke,Duchess;Marques,Marchioness;Earl,Countess;Viscount,Viscountess;Baron,Baroness.Thepeopleholdingthesetitlesarecalledpeersorpeeresses.TheBritisharistocracyisstillalivingthing,butithasonthewholelostitspoliticalimportance.

34.Aristotle（384--322BC）Greekphilosopher.Animportantlinguistintheearlyhistoryofwesternlinguistics.Hemadegreatcontributionstologic,rhetoric,andpoetics.ManyofthetermslaterusedingrammaroriginatedfromAristotle'swork.

35.ArizonaAstateofthesouth-westUSA.ThecapitalisPhoenix.ArizonacontainstheGrandCanyonoftheColoradoRiver,andthePaintedDesert.

36.ArkansasAstateofthesoutherncentralUSA.ThecapitalisLittleRock.Thestateislargelyagricultural,themaincropsarecotton,riceandsoyabeans.

37.Armstrong,Louis（1900--1971）Americanjazzmusician;hewasatrumpet-prayer.Hisearlytrumpetsolos,withtheKingOliverbandandwithhisownHotFive,changedthecharacterofjazz.

38.ArthurLegendaryBritishkinginthewarsagainsttheSaxons（c.6thcentury）,ArthuristheheroofmanystoriesthatdescribehisRoundTable,hisknightsandtheirsearchfortheHolyGrailetc.

39.AshmoleanMuseumAmuseuminOxford,England,formedin1683,andbasedonthecollectionoftheantiquaryEliasAshmole（1617--1692）.Itwastheworld'sfirstpublicmuseum.

40.AssociativerelationSaussure'stermfortherelationbetweenphonemesorwordsthatcanbereplacedatthesameposition.E.g.shopandtheaterinthesentenceIcametotheshop.Shopcanbereplacedbyotherunitsliketheatre.

41.AstronomerRoyalThetitleoftheastronomerinchargeoftheRoyalObservatoryinEngland.TheRoyalObservatorywasatGreenwichfrom1675to1958,whenitwasmovedtoHerstmonceux,Sussex.

42.AthleticsInGBtheterm'athletics'covers,onlytrackandfield