COMPARISONOFAWINDTURBINEFARM.docx

COMPARISONOFAWINDTURBINEFARM.docx

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COMPARISONOFAWINDTURBINEFARM

COMPARISONOFAWINDTURBINEFARM

INEASTERNMEDITERRANEANTURKEY

WITHTHEPROPOSEDAKKUYUNUCLEARPOWERPLANT

INTERMSOFEFFICIENCY,COSTSANDTOURISMIMPACTS

VeliKıvançTemel,SerhatYeşilyurt

Abstract

ThispapercomparesawindturbinefarminEasternMediterraneanRegionofTurkeywiththeproposedAkkuyuNuclearPowerPlantinthesameregion.Inthispaper,GE2.5MW-103windturbinewasexaminedintheaspectsofefficiency,power,costsandenvironmentalandsafetyimpacts.Thebestwaytoobtainthemaximumpowerfromawindfarmistobuildthewindfarmonahillormountainratherthanoffshoreorurbanareas,sincethemaximumwindspeedcanbeobtainedinthemountainsintheEasternMediterraneanRegion.AGE2.5MW-103windturbineonthemountainswillbeexpectedtoproducearound1.6MWpower,thoughcomparingwithanuclearpowerplant,theelectricitygeneratedfromawindturbineisrelativelylow.Awindfarmcapableofgeneratingthesameelectricitywithanuclearpowerplantshouldcontain9000windturbinesandcover23.5%oftheMediterraneanRegionofTurkey.Buildingawindfarmofthatsizewillrequire40billionEurosfor25yearsofoperationwhilethenuclearpowerplantwillrequirethesameamountfor60yearsofoperation.Oneofthebiggestconcernsofusingnuclearenergyisitsimpactsontourists,sincetourismisanimportantsourceofincomeforTurkey.Althoughmajordisastersseemtoaffecttourismandtheregionvastly,thereareonlyfewdisastersandchancesforanotheronetohappenareveryunlikelyifeverythingisdonecorrectly.Theminorincidentsontheotherhandhavenoknowneffectsontourism.

Keywords:

windenergy,nuclearenergy,efficiencyanalysis,impactsontourism

1.Introduction

Duetodevelopingcountriescontinuetheirgrowth,theirdemandforenergyconstantlyincreases.Turkey,aswell,canbeconsideredasdevelopingcountrywithforthcomingproblemsingeneratingelectricity.Ongoingindustrialization,increasingpopulationandinvestmentstocompetewithdevelopedcountriescausedTurkey’senergydemandtoburst.However,thisburstinenergydemandmaycauseTurkey’sdependencetoforeigncountriesforelectricitygenerationtoincreaseevenfurther.Asof2011,Turkey’smainelectricitysourceisnaturalgaspowerplantswith45.9percentshare[1].However,sinceTurkeylackstherequiredresourcesfornaturalgas,theenergyismostlydependentonforeigncountries.Therefore,Turkeyimmediatelyneedstodiversifyitsenergysourcesandincreaseitsfocusonotherenergysources.Currently,twoofthemostpopulardebatesaboutenergysourcesinTurkeyarerelatedtowindenergyandnuclearenergy.

GeneratingelectricityfromwindpowerisadevelopingconceptinTurkey.AsofJanuary2012,windturbinesinTurkeygenerateatotalof1792.7MW[2],andTurkeyplanstogenerateatleast20000MWfromwindturbinesby2023[3].Inthelastcoupleofyears,theresearchondeterminationofwindenergypotentialofseveralregionsinTurkeyincreasedvastly[4-6].However,evenifTurkeyuseditsallwindpotential,itisimpossibleforwindpowertocoverallofTurkey’senergydemandsinlongterm.Therefore,nuclearenergyisanotheroptionforTurkeyinordertodecreasetheimportedenergysources.OneoftheongoingprojectsistheAkkuyuNuclearPowerPlant,whichisintheMediterraneanRegionofTurkey.TheAkkuyuNuclearPowerPlantwillbeTurkey’sfirstandonlynuclearpowerplant,withacapacityofgenerating4800MW[7-8].Thenuclearpowerplantisplannedtostartitsfirstoperationin2019anditwillcovereightpercentofTurkey’senergydemandin2020[9].

ThemainobjectiveofthisstudyistocompareawindfarmintheMediterraneanRegionofTurkeywiththeproposedAkkuyuNuclearPowerPlant.Inthecourseoftheresearch,therequiredcapacityofawindfarmtosupplytheelectricityneedsofanindustrialareawillbecalculated.Additionally,thepaperwillexaminewhetherawindturbinefarmmightbeconsideredasanalternativetoproposedAkkuyuNuclearPowerPlant.Whilecomparingboth,thepaperwillalsocalculatethesizeofawindfarmtomatchthegeneratedelectricityofanuclearpowerplant,andlookatthetouristicimpactsofanuclearpowerplantontheregionthatitisbeingbuilt,sincetheareaoftheproposedAkkuyuNuclearPowerPlantisclosetolocationswithtouristicvalue.

2.FeasibilityoftheWindFarm

2.1.EfficiencyAnalysis

Energyofthewindcannotbeconvertedcompletelytomechanicalenergy,whichisexplainedbyBetz’Law[10].Duetothelossescausedbydriftcomponents,itisimpossibletoobtainthisamountofpower.Also,itisimpossibletostopthewindandconvertallofitsenergyintoanotherkindofenergy,sincewindwillcontinuetoflow.Thetheoreticalavailablepowertouseforenergyconversionis59.3%ofthemaximumpowerofthewind,whichisalsoknownastheBetz’Limit.Additionaltothedriftcomponentsofthewind,theefficiencyofawindturbinedecreasesduetotheeffectsofinternalcomponentsofthewindturbine.Awindturbinehasthreemainconstructedcomponents:

blades,nacelleandthetower.Bladesareconnectedtonacellethroughahubandnacellecontainsallthepowergenerationpartssuchasmainshaft,gearbox,diskbrake,generatorandcontrolsystems（Fig.1）,whereallofthemcontributetothelossesinefficiency[10].

Fig.1.Theviewofinnercomponentsofthenacelleofawindturbine（AccionaAW-3000）[11].

ThewindturbinefarminBahçe,Osmaniye–acityinEasternMediterraneanTurkey,contains54GE2.5MW-100windturbines[12].Therefore,forefficiencyanalysis,GE2.5MW-103willbeusedsinceitispossibletohaveahubheightof100metersinGE2.5MW-103seriesanditissimilartothe2.5MW-100series.PowercurveofthewindturbineisshowninFigure2.2.

Figure2.PowercurveofGE2.5MW-103[13]

Thetheoreticalvalueofthepowerthatawindturbinecangeneratecanbefoundbyusing;

（1）

where

isthedensityofair,

istheareathatiscoveredbytherotor,

isthewindspeedand

istheBetzLimit.GE2.5MW-103hasarotordiameterof103meters,withcutinspeedat3m/sandcut-offspeedat25m/s.For10m/swindspeed,theoreticallyaturbinewith103meterrotordiametercangenerate5.12MWatmaximum.WhenBetzLimitisappliedtothisvalue,themaximumavailablepowerthattheturbinewillbeabletoconvertwillbeequalto3.04MW.However,accordingtothepowercurveofGE2.5-103（Figure2.2）whichisgivenintheproductbrochure,theratedoutputelectricalpowerat10m/sisaround2MW.ThisshowsthattheefficiencyagainsttheBetzLimitis65.9%,whereastheoverallefficiencyofthewindturbineat10m/sis39%（Table1）.

Table1.EfficiencyandgeneratedpowervaluesofGE2.5-103fordifferentwindspeeds（left）

WindSpeed（m/s）

MaximumPower（MW）

AfterBetzLimit（MW）

MeasuredPower（MW）

EfficencyvsBetzLimit（%）

OverallEfficiency（%）

5

0,64

0,38

0,20

52,7

31,2

6

1,11

0,66

0,40

61,0

36,2

7

1,76

1,04

0,70

67,2

39,8

7,5

2,16

1,28

0,90

70,3

41,7

8

2,62

1,55

1,10

70,8

41,9

8,5

3,15

1,86

1,35

72,4

42,9

9

3,73

2,21

1,60

72,3

42,9

9,5

4,39

2,60

1,80

69,2

41,0

10

5,12

3,04

2,00

65,9

39,0

11

6,82

4,04

2,35

58,2

34,5

12

8,85

5,24

2,50

47,7

28,2

13

11,25

6,67

2,50

37,5

22,2

14

14,05

8,33

2,50

30,0

17,8

15

17,29

10,24

2,50

24,4

14,5

Figure3.Totalefficiencyvsthewindspeed（right）

2.2.Power

Powergeneratedfromawindturbineisdirectlyaffectedwiththreedifferentvariables:

theairdensity,theareathatwindgoesthroughandthespeedofthewind.Togetthemaximumpowerfromthewindturbines,thewindfarmshouldbeplantedtotheareawiththehighestaveragewindspeed,whichmightbeahill,amountainoroff-shore.AccordingtothewindmapofTurkey,awindturbineplantedoff-shoreinEasternMediterraneanRegionofTurkeywillhavebetween7.5and8m/swindspeedonaverage.Also,awindturbineplantedonamountainorahillintheEasternMediterraneanRegionofTurkeywillhavebetween8.5and10m/swindspeedonaverage.Usingthesevalues,wecancalculatethemaximumwindpowerdensityandtheavailablepower.Tocomputethetotalavailablepower,therotordiameterisrequiredsincethewindwillpassthroughtheareathatrotorcovers.

ThewindenergymapofTurkeyisshowninFig.4,inwhichEasternMediterraneanRegionofTurkeyiscoloredwithyellowindicatingthatthewindspeedathillsandmountainsismeasuredbetween8.5and10m/s.AdetailedwindspeedmapofMediterraneanRegionat100meterscanbeseeninFig.5.

Figure4.Turkeywindmap[15].

Figure5.MediterraneanRegionwindmap[16].

Usingthesevalues,itissimpletocalculatethetotalavailablepowerofthewindandtheestimatedgeneratedpower.

ThewindspeedonahillinEasternMediterraneanRegionwillbebetween7and9.5m/s.Assumingthatthewindspeedfortheregionwherewindfarmisinstalledis9m/s,theavailablepowerwillbe3.74MWandthegeneratedmaximumpowerfromthewindturbinewillbe1.60MW,duetothelossesstated.ThismeansthatasingleGE2.5MW-103windturbineonthehillswillbeexpectedtogenerate1.60MW.

AlthoughGE2.5MW-103onahillisideallyexpectedtoproduce1.60MW,thatisnottherealcase.Inreality,thecapacityfactorofthewindfarmshouldalsobeconsidered.Thecapacityfactorofapowerplantisdefinedastheratiobetweentherealgeneratedoutputpowerandthecalculatedoutputpowerofapowerplant.ThecapacityfactormapofTurkeyfor50metersheightwasmodeledbytheTurkishWindEnerg