运营管理复习整理英文review.docx

运营管理复习整理英文review.docx

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运营管理复习整理英文review

Chapter1

WhatIsOperationsManagement?

Productionisthecreationofgoodsand

services

Operationsmanagementisthesetof

activitiesthatcreatesvalueintheformof

goodsandservicesbytransforminginputs

intooutputs

Transformations

♦Physical--manufacturing

♦Locational--transportation

♦Exchange--retailing

♦Storage--warehousing

♦Physiological--healthcare

♦Informational--telecommunications

♦E-commerce

TenCriticalDecisions

♦Service,productdesign

♦Qualitymanagement

♦Process,capacitydesign

♦Location

♦Layoutdesign

♦Humanresources,jobdesign

♦Supply-chainmanagement

♦Inventorymanagement

♦Scheduling

♦Maintenance

NewtrendsinOperationsManagement

♦EmphasisonPOMwhichisagatewayto

corporatestrategies

♦Businessprocessreengineering

♦Leanproduction

♦Supplychainmanagement

♦Agilemanagement

Virtualenterprise,win-winsolution

♦Masscustomization

Productivity

♦Measureofprocessimprovement

♦Representsoutputrelativetoinput

Productivity

=

Unitsproduced

Inputused

♦Onlythroughproductivityincreasescanour

standardoflivingimprove

TwoCriticalNotions:

♦Productivity

♦LearnCurve

Learning

♦Learning:

Relativelypermanentchangein

behaviorduetorepetition&rewards

♦Typesoflearning

♦Individual

♦Organizational

♦Resultsin'learningcurveeffect'

♦Firstobservedin1936inairplaneindustry

产品设计

Chapter2

Research&Development（R&D）

♦Organizedeffortstoincreasescientificknowledgeor

productinnovation&mayinvolve:

♦BasicResearchadvancesknowledgeabouta

subjectwithoutnear-termexpectationsof

commercialapplications.

♦AppliedResearchachievescommercial

applications.

♦Developmentconvertsresultsofappliedresearch

intocommercialapplications.

ReverseEngineering

Reverseengineeringisthedismantlingand

inspectingofacompetitor'sproductto

discoverproductimprovements.

Lensreverse

engineering

ProductDevelopmentTechniques

♦QualityFunctionDeployment（QFD）

♦OrganizingforProductDevelopment

♦ManufacturabilityandValueEngineering

♦ReverseEngineering

ValueAnalysis/ValueEngineering

♦Focusesondesignimprovementduring

production

♦Seeksimprovementsleadingeithertoabetter

productoraproductwhichcanbemore

economicallyproduced.

TheBenefitsofManufacturability

andValueEngineering

♦reducedcomplexityofproducts

♦additionalstandardizationofproducts

♦improvedfunctionalaspectsofproduct

♦improvedjobdesignandjobsafety

♦improvedmaintainabilityoftheproduct

MassCustomization

Masscustomization:

♦Astrategyofproducingstandardizedgoodsor

services,butincorporatingsomedegreedegreeof

customization

♦Delayeddifferentiation

♦Modulardesign

FacilityLocationandLayout

Chapter3

MajorMethodsofSolving

LocationProblems

♦Weightedmethodswhich:

♦Assignweightsandpointstovariousfactors

♦Determinetangiblecosts

♦Investigateintangiblecosts

♦CenterofGravityMethod

♦Findbestdistributioncenterlocation

♦Locationbreakevenmethods

♦Specialcaseofbreakevenanalysis

♦Transportationmethod

♦Aspecializedlinearprogrammingmethod

LayoutandItsObjectives

♦Layout:

Locationorarrangementof

everythingwithin&aroundbuildings

♦Objectivesaretomaximize

♦Customersatisfaction

♦Utilizationofspace,equipment,&people

♦Efficientflowofinformation,material,&people

♦Employeemorale&safety

导向布局：

1.以产品为导向的布局：

（洋快餐）专用设备，对材料要求高（挑剔），要求每一环节单位时间产出相当，种类小，效率高，不能产生瓶颈，个性化强。

U型布局：

占地小，空间大。

2.以工艺为导向的布局：

（云大医院）要求相同设备集中摆放，达到少停留，用到通用设备，对原材料不挑剔，整体成品移动时间最短，效率低，个性化弱。

Process,CapacityPlanningand6S

Chapter4

SomeBasicNotionsaboutProcess

♦Processisanorganization'sapproachto

transforminputsintooutputs

♦Inputsandoutputs

♦Networkofactivitiesandbuffers

♦Informationstructure

Flowtime,FlowRateand

InventoryDynamics:

Little'sLaw

AverageInventory（I）=Throughput（R）*AverageFlowTime（T）

Processanalysiscanbeappliedtomanydifferentcontext:

Materialflow

Customerflow

Jobflow

Cashflow

Bottleneck

Flexibility

现场管理的六大目标

♦Productivity

♦Quality

♦Cost

♦Delivery

♦Morale

♦Safety

6S是什么？

5S是日文SEIRI（整理）、SEITON（整顿）、

SEISO（清扫）、SEIKETSU（清洁）、

SHITSUKE（修养）这五个单词，因为五个单

词前面发音都是"S"，所以统称为"5S"。

后

来SAFTY（安全）被纳入，称为"6S"管理。

破窗实验与5S--"暗示性"纵容

你知道张瑞敏接手海尔公司最初提出的口号吗？

你知道广州本田接手广州标致后做的第一件事吗？

☆☆安全安全（（SAFTY）

航天发射五条安全标准

♦定位准确

♦机理清楚

♦故障复现

♦措施有效

♦举一反三

ProjectManagement

Chapter5

ProjectDefined

Project

Aseriesofrelatedjobsusuallydirectedtowardsomemajor

outputandrequiringasignificantperiodoftimetoperform.

♦Webster'sDictionary：

Alargeorimportant,oftenpublic

undertaking

ProjectSchedulingTechniques

♦Ganttchart

♦CriticalPathMethod（CPM）

♦ProgramEvaluation&Review

Technique（PERT）

TheSixStepsCommontoPERT&CPM

1.Definetheprojectandpreparetheworkbreakdown

structure,

2.Developrelationshipsamongtheactivities.（Decidewhich

activitiesmustprecedeandwhichmustfollowothers.）

3.Drawthenetworkconnectingalloftheactivities

4.Assigntimeand/orcostestimatestoeachactivity

5.Computethelongesttimepaththroughthenetwork.Thisiscalledthecriticalpath

6.Usethenetworktohelpplan,schedule,monitor,and

controltheproject

采用双代号网络图法（Activity-On-Arrow，AOA）

左大右小

VariabilityinActivityTimes

;CPMassumesweknowafixedtimeestimatefor

eachactivityandthereisnovariabilityinactivity

times

;PERTusesaprobabilitydistributionforactivity

timestoallowforvariability

X=u+δZX代表存货量，u代表期望，δ是标准差，Z是服务率

LimitationsofPERT/CPM

♦Assumesclearlydefined,independent,&stableactivities

♦Specifiedprecedencerelationships

♦Activitytimes（PERT）follow

betadistribution

♦Subjectivetimeestimates

♦Over-emphasisoncriticalpath

AggregatePlanning

TermSchedulingrmScheduling

Chapter6

ThePlanningProcess

确定是否外包

SchedulingIssues

;Schedulingdealswiththetimingof

operations

;Thetaskistheallocationand

prioritizationofdemanditi

;Significantissuesare

;Thetypeofscheduling,forwardor

backward

;Thecriteriaforpriorities

6-23

AssignmentMethod

;Aspecialclassoflinear

programmingmodelsthatassign

tasksorjobstoresources

;Objectiveistominimizecostor

time

;Onlyonejob（orworker）is

assignedtoonemachine（or

project）

若最少工序在第一道工序排第一位

若最少工序在第一道工序排最后一位

ThePsychologyofWaitingLines

"Waitingisfrustrating,demoralizing,

agonizing,aggravating,annoying,time

consumingandincrediblyexpensive"

FedEx'sAdvertisementAdvertisement

Twolawsaboutwaiting:

Occupiedtimefeelsshorterthanunoccupiedtimee____^_㿱

"Awatchedpotneverboiled."

S=PS=P--EE

SomeTipsaboutQueuing

;Unoccupiedtimefeellongerthanoccupiedtime

;Preprocesse--processwaitsfeellongerthaninprocesstime

;Anxietymakeswaitsseemlonger

;Uncertainwaitsarelongerlongerthanknown,finitewaits

;Unexplainedwaitsarelongerthanexplainedwaits

;Unfairwaitsarelongerthanequitablewaits

;Themorevaluabletheservice,thelongerthe

customerwillwait

;Solowaitsfeellongerthangroupwaits

InventoryManagement

Chapter7

InventoryandInventorySystem

•Inventoryisthestockofanyitemorresource

usedinanorganization.Theseitemsor

resourcescaninclude:

rawmaterials,finished

products,componentparts,supplies,andwork-

in-process.

•Aninventorysystemisthesetofpoliciesand

controlsthatmonitorlevelsofinventoryand

determineswhatlevelsshouldbemaintained,

whenstockshouldbereplenished,andhowlarge

ordersshouldbe.

TheFunctionsofInventory

♦Toserveasabuffertoagainstvariationinoperations

andtosmoothproductionrequirements

♦Toprovideastockofgoodsthatwillprovidea

"selection"forcustomers

♦Toprotectagainststockout

♦Totakeadvantageofquantitydiscountstohedge

againstpriceincreases

InventoryandProfit

Theaveragecostofinventoryacrossall

manufacturingintheUnitedStatesis30to35

percentofitsvalue,whileinretailcyclethe

inventorycostofanitemcanbeequalto25

percentofitsvalueannually,therefore,a

reductionofinventoryisanincreaseofprofit.

TypesofInventory

♦Rawmaterial&purchasedparts

♦Work-in-progress（Partiallycompletedgoods）

♦Maintenance/repair/operatingsupply

♦Finishedgoods

♦Goods-in-transittowarehousesorcustomers

Runtime:

Jobisatmachineandbeingworkedonsetuptime:

Jobisatworkstation,andtheworkstationisbeingsetup.

"

Queuetime:

Jobiswhereitshouldbe,butisnotbeingprocessed

becauseotherworkprecedesit.

Movetime:

Thetimeajobspendsintransit

Waittime:

Whenoneprocessisfinished,butthejobiswaitingtobe

movedtothenextworkarea.

Other:

"Just-in-case"inventory.

CycleCounting

♦Physicallycountingasampleoftotalinventoryon

aregularbasis

♦UsedoftenwithABCclassification

♦Aitemscountedmostoften（e.g.,daily）

AdvantagesofCycleCounting

♦Eliminatesshutdownandinterruptionofproduction

necessaryforannualphysicalinventories

♦Eliminatesannualinventoryadjustments

♦Providestrainedpersonneltoaudittheaccuracyof

inventory

♦Allowsthecauseoferrorstobeidentifiedandremedial

actiontobetaken

♦Maintainsaccurateinventoryrecords

Independentversus

DependentDemand

♦Independentdemand-demandforitemis

independentof