英美文学重要名词解释英汉解释综合整理版.docx

英美文学重要名词解释英汉解释综合整理版.docx

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英美文学重要名词解释英汉解释综合整理版

英美文学重要名词解释-英汉解释-综合整理版

名词解释ENGLISH&AMERICANLITERATURE--DEFINITIONOFTERMS

Epic:

Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.BeowulfisthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:

ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.

Alliteration:

reptitionoftheinitialletterorfirstsoundofseveralwords,markingstressedsyllablesinalineofpoetryorprose.Usedtoemphasizemeaningandthuscanbeeffectivelyemployedinoratory.

Legend:

Asongornarrativehandeddownfromthepast,legenddiffersfrommythsonthebasisoftheelementsofhistoricaltruththeycontain.

Romance罗曼史/骑士文学:

1）RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.2）Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.3）Chivalry（suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor）isthespiritofromance.

Ballad（民谣）:

1）Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.2）Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3）RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.

TheHeroicCouplet（英雄双韵体）

Heroiccoupletreferstotherhymedcoupletiniambicpentameter

Heroiccoupletsarelinesofiambicpentameterthatrhymeinpairs（aa,bb,cc）.

TheHeroicCouplet:

1）ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2）Therhymeismasculine.3）UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.

Iambicpentameter:

Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.

抑扬格五音步诗：

一行诗包含五个音步，每个音步都是抑扬格。

Sonnet（十四行诗）

Definition:

Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlines,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.

Spenserianstanza:

Anine-linestanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:

ababbabcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterandiscalledanalexandrine.

斯宾塞诗节：

斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。

前八行通常是抑扬格五音步，第九行是抑扬格六音步，有称作亚历山大诗行。

Soliloquy:

Indrama,anextendedspeechdeliveredbyacharacteraloneonstage.Thecharacterrevealshisorherinnermostthoughtsandfeelingsdirectlytotheaudience,asifthinkingaloud.

独白：

独白是戏剧中一个人物单独做的台词，这个人物通过他或她直接跟观众说话来表白自己的心声，就好像是自己在大声的思考。

Renaissance means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into  Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. The real mainstream of the English  Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.

Metaphysicalpoetry玄学派诗歌:

ThepoetryofJohnDonneandother17thcenturypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.

玄学诗：

约翰•多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。

玄学诗多使用巧智，结构精巧，韵律多变，语言口语化，意象奇特，把不同的事物进行并置。

Blankverse:

Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.

Enlightenment:

Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Thesocialinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.

启蒙主义：

启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。

总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。

通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具

Neo-classicism新古典主义ItisanEnglishtendencyintheEnlightenmentperiod

Narration（叙述）1）Likedescription,narrationisapartofconversationandwriting.Narrationisthemajortechniqueusedinexpositorywriting,suchasautobiography.2）Successfulnarrationmustgrowoutofgoodobservation,to-the-pointselectionandcleararrangementofdetailsinlogicalsequence,whichisusuallychronological.3）Narrationgivesanexactpictureofthingsastheyoccur.

CriticalRealism（批判现实主义）1）TheCriticalRealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.2）Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.3）CharlsDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.

Modernism：

Itwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativeartsoriginatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovidedthegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets，suchassymbolism，surrealism（超现实主义），cubism（立体主义），expressionism，futurism（未来主义），ect

Streamofconsciousness:

“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”,isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted,distractedandillusorypsychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.

意识流：

“意识流”或“内心独白”是现代写作技巧之一。

它是像是人物亲身经历的那样来模仿人物思想、感觉、回忆、和头脑中意象来写作的一种手法。

爱尔兰作家詹姆斯•乔伊斯于1922年首次使用这种方法。

意识流小说打破了时间和空间的限制，生动地描写人物不断变化的潜意识活动，尤其是当人们面对现实时的犹豫和充满困惑、幻觉和心不在焉的那种心理。

美国作家福克纳对这种技巧做了进一步的发展，在他的故事中，行为和情节相比叙述者的反应和内心活动已经不那么重要了，时间顺序被打破，读者仿佛置身于故事中而不仅仅是一个观察者。

AmericanPuritanism:

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.

Symbolism:

Symbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.

象征主义：

使用象征来写作的一种技巧。

象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起，对英国作家产生了很大的影响，尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。

它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。

它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段。

AmericanRomanticism:

TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeigninfluenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliteraryexpansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediatelyfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet,romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:

moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.

AmericanTranscendentalism:

TranscendentaliststerrorsfromtheromanticliteratureofEurope.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericagogopirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Transcendentalismisbasedonthebeliefthatthemostfundamentaltruthsaboutlifeanddeathcanbereachedonlybygoingbeyondtheworldofthesenses.Emerson’sNaturehasbeencalledthe“ManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”andhisTheAmericanScholarhasbeenrightlyregardedasAmerica’s“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.

freeverse:

:

poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymeschemeorlinelengthanddependsonnaturalspeechrhythms,theebbandfloworcadencesofspeech,andthecounterpointofstressedandunstressedsyllables.

PsychologicalRealism:

Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.HenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.HisnovelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.

AmericanRealism:

inAmericanliterature,the