英语四级阅读.docx
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英语四级阅读
TheUniversityofCaliforniawascharteredin1868andestablishedatBerkeleyin1875.SouthHall,anivy-coveredGothic-revivalbuildingofredbrick,istheonlysurvivorofthenineteenthcenturycampusbuildings.Today,theBerkeleycampusistheseniormemberofthenine-campusUniversityofCaliforniaSystem.Berkeleyoffersafullrangeofacademicmajorsinprograms.Inanationalsurveypublishedinfall1992,Berkeleyplacedhighestofallpublicuniversitiesinrankingthatincludedfiveattributes:
reputation,selectivity,facultyresources,financialresources,andstudentsatisfaction.Morestudentswhoearnbachelor'sdegreesatBerkeleycompletePh.D'sthangraduatesofanyotheruniversityinthecountry.
Undergraduatestudentscanchoosefrommorethan5,000differentcoursesandover100majorsortheycandesigntheirownindividualmajors.Thegraduatedivisionoffersprofessionalandacademicdegreesinmorethan100majors.Aidingstudentsintheircourseworkisacampusnetworkoftwenty-fourlibraries,includingoneespeciallyforundergraduates.Therearealsomanysupportfacilitiesandservicesavailable,suchastheStudentLearningCenter,financialaidcounseling,housingassistance,graduateandprofessionalschooladvising,andcareerplacementassistance.The1,200-acrecampusstretchesfromdowntownBerkeleythroughwoodedhillsthatoverlookSanFranciscoBay.ThecityofBerkeley(population105,000)offersthelivelybackgroundofoneofAmerica'smoreculturallydiverseandpoliticallyadventuroussmallcities.ThesurroundingSanFranciscoBayareaprovidesanabundanceofrecreationalandculturalevents.
26.InParagraphOne,theauthormainlystatesabout______.
A.thegreatnessandwonderfulnessoftheBerkeleycampus
B.theBerkeleycampus'rankinginallthepublicuniversities
C.thehistoryandthepresentsituationoftheBerkeleycampus
D.theoverallimpressionoftheBerkeleycampus
27.MorestudentshavegraduatedfromBerkeleythanfromanyotheruniversityingaining______degree.
A.MBA'sB.bachelor's
C.Ph.D'sD.master's
28.Fromtheessay,wecanknowthat______.
A.theBerkeleycampusistheUniversityofCalifornia
B.theBerkeleycampusisonlyanoldbranchoftheUniversityofCalifornia
C.theBerkeleycampusisanabsolutelyindependentuniversity,whichisbuiltinCalifornia
D.theBerkeleycampusisanindependentcollege.
29.WhichisTRUEaccordingtotheessay?
A.NowtheBerkeleycampusisthebestpublicuniversity.
B.Youcanfinishbachelor'scoursesorPh.D'scoursesbutnotmaster'scourses.
C.TheBerkeleycampusdoesnotdowellinhelpingstudentsintheirstudies.
D.TheBerkeleycampusisnotfarawayfromthecityofSanFrancisco.
30.ThecityofBerkeleyis______.
A.situatedwithintheBerkeleycampus
B.foundtobeameltingpotofvariouscultures
C.arecreationalplace
D.tryingtoincreaseitspopulation
26.C27.C28.B29.D30.B
WorkandPlay
Whatdowemeanbyleisure,andwhyshouldweassumethatitrepresentsaproblemtobesolvedbythearts?
Thegreatagesofartwerenotconspicuousfortheirleisure—atleast,artwasnotanactivityassociatedwithleisure.Itwasacraftlikeanyother,concernedwiththemakingofnecessarythings.Leisure,inthepresentmeaningoftheword,didnotexist.Leisure,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,meantnomorethan"time"or"opportunity";"Ifyourleisureserved,Iwouldspeakwithyou."saysoneofShakespeare'scharacters.Phraseswhichwestilluse,suchas"atyourleisure",preservethisoriginalmeaning.
Butwhenwespeakofleisurenowadays,wearenotthinkingofsecuringtimeoropportunitytodosomething;timeisheavyonourhands,andtheproblemishowtofillit.Leisurenolongersignifiesaspacewithsomedifficultysecuredagainstthepressureofevents:
ratheritisapervasiveemptinessforwhichwemustinventoccupations.Leisureisavacuum,adesperatestateofvacancy—avacancyofmindandbody.Ithasbeencommandeered(强占)bythesociologistsandthepsychologists:
itisaproblem.
Ourdiurnalexistenceisdividedintotwophases,asdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworksomanyhoursaday,and,whenwehaveallowedthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping,therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreations,anelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisure,butspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment—notfootballbutwatchingfootballmatches;notacting,buttheatre-going;notwalking,butridinginamotorcoach.
Weneedtomake,therefore,ahard-and-fast(不能变通的)distinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybut,equally,betweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.Itis,Isuppose,thedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhasgivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulation,insteadofindulginginsport,spendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogrammes,therewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.And,inaddition,therewillbeapsychologicalproblem,forwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofaprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.Thereis,ifweareoptimistic,thepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhoseethem:
fewpeoplecangiveacoherentaccountofthefilmtheysawtheweekbeforelast,andatlongerintervalstheymustrelyonthemanagementtoseethattheydonotsitthroughthesamefilmtwice.
Wehavetoliveartifwewouldbeaffectedbyart.Wehavetopaintratherthanlookatpaintings,toplayinstrumentsratherthangotoconcerts,todanceandsingandactourselves,engagingalloursensesintheritualanddisciplineofthearts.Thensomethingmaybegintohappentous:
toworkuponourbodiesandoursouls.
Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactive,participatedin,practiced,thatitcanproperlybecalledplay,andassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttowork,andisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Itistherethatthefinalandmostfundamentalerrorentersintoourconceptionofdailylife.
Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving:
toearn,thatistosay,sufficienttokenswhichwecanexchangeforfoodandshelterandalltheotherneedsofourexistence.Butsomeofusworkphysically,cultivatingtheland,mindingthemachines,diggingthecoal;othersworkmentally,keepingaccounts,inventingmachines,teachingandpreaching,managingandgoverning.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupations,exceptthattheyconsumeourtime,andleaveuslittleleisure.
Eversincehumanshavelivedonthe11,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformof12speech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationis"13throughsignlanguageinwhichmotions14forletters,words,andideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadto15tothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsarevery16andexactandcanbeused17;spelling,however,cannot.
Bodylanguage18ideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Awinkcanbeawayofindicatingthatthepartyisonlyjoking.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesa19reaction.
OtherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinBraille(asystemofraiseddotsreadwiththefingertips),signalflags,Morsecode,andsmokesignals.Roadmapsand20signsalsoguide,warn,andinstructpeople.
Whilelanguageisthemostcommonformofcommunication,othersystemsandtechniquesalsoexpresshumanthoughtsandfeelings.
A.pictureB.oralC.standD.world E.internationallyF.optionalG.resortH.vivid I.earthJ.accomplishedK.transmitsL.representM.negativeN.intelligentlyO.translates
II.I12.B13.J14.C15.G16.H17.E18.K19.M20.A
Happinesscanbedescribedasapositivemoodandapleasantstateofmind.Accordingtorecentpolls(民意测验)sixtytoseventypercentofAmericansconsiderthemselvestobemoderatelyhappyandoneintwentypersonsfeelsveryunhappy.Psychologistshavebeenstudyingthefactorsthatcontributetohappiness.Itisnotpredictablenorisapersoninanapparentlyidealsituationnecessarilyhappy.Theidealsituationmayhavelittletodowithhisactualfeelings.
Agoodeducationandincomeareusuallyconsiderednecessaryforhappiness.Thoughbothmaycontribute,theyareonlychieffactorsifthepersonisseriouslyundereducatedoractuallysufferingfromlackofphysicalneeds.
Thericharenotlikelytobehappierthanthemiddle-incomegrouporeventhosewithverylowincomes.Peoplewithcollegeeducationsaresomewhathappierthanthosewhodidnotgraduatefromhighschool,anditisbelievedthatthisismainlybecausetheyhavemoreopportunitytocontroltheirlives.Yetpeoplewithahighincomeandacollegeeducationmaybelesshappythanthosewiththesameincomeandnocollegeeducation.
Poorhealthdoesnotruleouthappinessexceptfortheseverelydisabledorthoseinpain.Learningtocopewithahealthproblemcancontributetohappiness.Thosewithagoodsexlifearehappieringeneral,butthosewhohavealoving,affectionaterelat