英语四级阅读.docx

英语四级阅读.docx

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英语四级阅读

TheUniversityofCaliforniawascharteredin1868andestablishedatBerkeleyin1875.SouthHall,anivy-coveredGothic-revivalbuildingofredbrick,istheonlysurvivorofthenineteenthcenturycampusbuildings.Today,theBerkeleycampusistheseniormemberofthenine-campusUniversityofCaliforniaSystem.Berkeleyoffersafullrangeofacademicmajorsinprograms.Inanationalsurveypublishedinfall1992,Berkeleyplacedhighestofallpublicuniversitiesinrankingthatincludedfiveattributes:

reputation,selectivity,facultyresources,financialresources,andstudentsatisfaction.Morestudentswhoearnbachelor'sdegreesatBerkeleycompletePh.D'sthangraduatesofanyotheruniversityinthecountry.

　　Undergraduatestudentscanchoosefrommorethan5,000differentcoursesandover100majorsortheycandesigntheirownindividualmajors.Thegraduatedivisionoffersprofessionalandacademicdegreesinmorethan100majors.Aidingstudentsintheircourseworkisacampusnetworkoftwenty-fourlibraries,includingoneespeciallyforundergraduates.Therearealsomanysupportfacilitiesandservicesavailable,suchastheStudentLearningCenter,financialaidcounseling,housingassistance,graduateandprofessionalschooladvising,andcareerplacementassistance.The1,200-acrecampusstretchesfromdowntownBerkeleythroughwoodedhillsthatoverlookSanFranciscoBay.ThecityofBerkeley（population105,000）offersthelivelybackgroundofoneofAmerica'smoreculturallydiverseandpoliticallyadventuroussmallcities.ThesurroundingSanFranciscoBayareaprovidesanabundanceofrecreationalandculturalevents.

　　26.InParagraphOne,theauthormainlystatesabout______.

　　A.thegreatnessandwonderfulnessoftheBerkeleycampus

　　B.theBerkeleycampus'rankinginallthepublicuniversities

　　C.thehistoryandthepresentsituationoftheBerkeleycampus

　　D.theoverallimpressionoftheBerkeleycampus

　　27.MorestudentshavegraduatedfromBerkeleythanfromanyotheruniversityingaining______degree.

　　A.MBA'sB.bachelor's

　　C.Ph.D'sD.master's

　　28.Fromtheessay,wecanknowthat______.

　　A.theBerkeleycampusistheUniversityofCalifornia

　　B.theBerkeleycampusisonlyanoldbranchoftheUniversityofCalifornia

　　C.theBerkeleycampusisanabsolutelyindependentuniversity,whichisbuiltinCalifornia

　　D.theBerkeleycampusisanindependentcollege.

　　29.WhichisTRUEaccordingtotheessay?

　　A.NowtheBerkeleycampusisthebestpublicuniversity.

　　B.Youcanfinishbachelor'scoursesorPh.D'scoursesbutnotmaster'scourses.

　　C.TheBerkeleycampusdoesnotdowellinhelpingstudentsintheirstudies.

　　D.TheBerkeleycampusisnotfarawayfromthecityofSanFrancisco.

　　30.ThecityofBerkeleyis______.

　　A.situatedwithintheBerkeleycampus

　　B.foundtobeameltingpotofvariouscultures

　　C.arecreationalplace

　　D.tryingtoincreaseitspopulation

　　26.C27.C28.B29.D30.B

WorkandPlay

　　Whatdowemeanbyleisure,andwhyshouldweassumethatitrepresentsaproblemtobesolvedbythearts?

Thegreatagesofartwerenotconspicuousfortheirleisure—atleast,artwasnotanactivityassociatedwithleisure.Itwasacraftlikeanyother,concernedwiththemakingofnecessarythings.Leisure,inthepresentmeaningoftheword,didnotexist.Leisure,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,meantnomorethan"time"or"opportunity";"Ifyourleisureserved,Iwouldspeakwithyou."saysoneofShakespeare'scharacters.Phraseswhichwestilluse,suchas"atyourleisure",preservethisoriginalmeaning.

　　Butwhenwespeakofleisurenowadays,wearenotthinkingofsecuringtimeoropportunitytodosomething;timeisheavyonourhands,andtheproblemishowtofillit.Leisurenolongersignifiesaspacewithsomedifficultysecuredagainstthepressureofevents:

ratheritisapervasiveemptinessforwhichwemustinventoccupations.Leisureisavacuum,adesperatestateofvacancy—avacancyofmindandbody.Ithasbeencommandeered（强占）bythesociologistsandthepsychologists:

itisaproblem.

　　Ourdiurnalexistenceisdividedintotwophases,asdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworksomanyhoursaday,and,whenwehaveallowedthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping,therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreations,anelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisure,butspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment—notfootballbutwatchingfootballmatches;notacting,buttheatre-going;notwalking,butridinginamotorcoach.

　　Weneedtomake,therefore,ahard-and-fast（不能变通的）distinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybut,equally,betweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.Itis,Isuppose,thedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhasgivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulation,insteadofindulginginsport,spendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogrammes,therewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.And,inaddition,therewillbeapsychologicalproblem,forwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofaprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.Thereis,ifweareoptimistic,thepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhoseethem:

fewpeoplecangiveacoherentaccountofthefilmtheysawtheweekbeforelast,andatlongerintervalstheymustrelyonthemanagementtoseethattheydonotsitthroughthesamefilmtwice.

　　Wehavetoliveartifwewouldbeaffectedbyart.Wehavetopaintratherthanlookatpaintings,toplayinstrumentsratherthangotoconcerts,todanceandsingandactourselves,engagingalloursensesintheritualanddisciplineofthearts.Thensomethingmaybegintohappentous:

toworkuponourbodiesandoursouls.

　　Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactive,participatedin,practiced,thatitcanproperlybecalledplay,andassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttowork,andisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Itistherethatthefinalandmostfundamentalerrorentersintoourconceptionofdailylife.

　　Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving:

toearn,thatistosay,sufficienttokenswhichwecanexchangeforfoodandshelterandalltheotherneedsofourexistence.Butsomeofusworkphysically,cultivatingtheland,mindingthemachines,diggingthecoal;othersworkmentally,keepingaccounts,inventingmachines,teachingandpreaching,managingandgoverning.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupations,exceptthattheyconsumeourtime,andleaveuslittleleisure.

　　Eversincehumanshavelivedonthe11,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformof12speech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationis"13throughsignlanguageinwhichmotions14forletters,words,andideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadto15tothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsarevery16andexactandcanbeused17;spelling,however,cannot.

　　Bodylanguage18ideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Awinkcanbeawayofindicatingthatthepartyisonlyjoking.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesa19reaction.

　　OtherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinBraille（asystemofraiseddotsreadwiththefingertips）,signalflags,Morsecode,andsmokesignals.Roadmapsand20signsalsoguide,warn,andinstructpeople.

　　Whilelanguageisthemostcommonformofcommunication,othersystemsandtechniquesalsoexpresshumanthoughtsandfeelings.

　　A.pictureB.oralC.standD.world　E.internationallyF.optionalG.resortH.vivid　I.earthJ.accomplishedK.transmitsL.representM.negativeN.intelligentlyO.translates

　　II.I12.B13.J14.C15.G16.H17.E18.K19.M20.A

Happinesscanbedescribedasapositivemoodandapleasantstateofmind.Accordingtorecentpolls（民意测验）sixtytoseventypercentofAmericansconsiderthemselvestobemoderatelyhappyandoneintwentypersonsfeelsveryunhappy.Psychologistshavebeenstudyingthefactorsthatcontributetohappiness.Itisnotpredictablenorisapersoninanapparentlyidealsituationnecessarilyhappy.Theidealsituationmayhavelittletodowithhisactualfeelings.

　　Agoodeducationandincomeareusuallyconsiderednecessaryforhappiness.Thoughbothmaycontribute,theyareonlychieffactorsifthepersonisseriouslyundereducatedoractuallysufferingfromlackofphysicalneeds.

　　Thericharenotlikelytobehappierthanthemiddle-incomegrouporeventhosewithverylowincomes.Peoplewithcollegeeducationsaresomewhathappierthanthosewhodidnotgraduatefromhighschool,anditisbelievedthatthisismainlybecausetheyhavemoreopportunitytocontroltheirlives.Yetpeoplewithahighincomeandacollegeeducationmaybelesshappythanthosewiththesameincomeandnocollegeeducation.

　　Poorhealthdoesnotruleouthappinessexceptfortheseverelydisabledorthoseinpain.Learningtocopewithahealthproblemcancontributetohappiness.Thosewithagoodsexlifearehappieringeneral,butthosewhohavealoving,affectionaterelat