02专八听力原文.docx

02专八听力原文.docx

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02专八听力原文

听力原文2002

SECTIONA  TALK

ThefirstareainAmericanurbanhistoryextendedfromtheearly17thcenturytoabout1840.Throughoutthoseyearsthetotalurbanpopulationremainedsmallandsowiththecities.Atthefirstfederalcensorsin1790,citydwellersmadeupnearly5.1%ofthetotalpopulationandonlytwoplaceshadmorethan25000inhabitants.Fiftyyearslateronly10.8%ofthenationalpopulationfellintotheurbancategoryandonlyonecity,NewYork,containedmorethan250000people.Largelybecauseoftheunsophisticatedmodesoftransportation,eventhemorepopulousphrasesintheearly19thcenturyremainedsmallenoughthatpeoplecouldeasilyworkfromoneendofthecitytotheotherinthosedays.

Thoughsmallerinmodernstandardstheseworkingcities,asitwere,performedvarietyoffunctionsinthosedays.Onewaseconomic.Throughoutthepre-modernera,thispartofurbanliferemainedsooverwhelminglycommercialthatalmosteverycityoweditsdevelopmenttotrade.

Yetcitydwellersconcernedthemselvesnotonlywithpromotingagriculturalactivitiesintheirownareas,theyalsocollectedandprocessedgoodsfromtheseareasanddistributedthemtoothercities.Fromthebeginninglineandincreasinglyinthe18thandearly19thcenturies,cityservedascentresofbothcommerceandsimplemanufacturing.

Apartfromtheeconomicalfunctions,theearlycitiesalsohadimportantnon-economicfunctionstoplay.Sincelibraries,museums,schoolsandcollegeswerebuiltandneededpeopletogotheretovisitortostudy,citiesandthelargeearlytownswiththeirconcentrationsofpopulationtendedtoserveascentresofeducationalactivitiesanditspolicyfromwhichinformationwerespreadtothecountryside.Inaddition,thetownwithpeopleofdifferentoccupational,ethnic,racialandreligiousfiliationbecamefocusesofformalandinformalorganizationswhichweresetuptofosterthesecurityandtopromotetheinterestsandinfluenceofeachgroup.Inthesedaysthepre-industrialcityinAmericafunctionedasacomplexandvariedorganizingelementinAmericanlife,notasasimple,homogeneousandsturdyunion.

Thevarietiesoftheseearlycitieswerereinforcedbythenatureoftheirlocationandbytheprocessoftownspreading.Throughoutthepre-industrialperiodofAmericanhistory,thecityoccupiedsitesontheeasternportionofthethenlargelyunder-developedcontinent,andsettlementonthecountrysidegenerallyfollowedtheexpansionoftownsinthatregion.Thevariousinterestgroupsineachcitytendedtocompetewiththeircounterpartsinothercitiesforeconomic,socialandpoliticalcontrolfirstnearbyandlatermoredistantandlargerareas.Andalwaysthereremainedtheunderdevelopedregionstobedevelopedthroughtheestablishmentofnewtownsbyindividualsandgroups.Theseindividualsandgroupssoughteconomicopportunitiesorlookedforabettersocial,politicalorreligiousatmosphere.Inthissense,thecitiesbuilderhaddevelopmentofsuccessionofurbanfrontiers.WhilethiskindofcircumstancemadeAmericansoneofthemostprolificandself-consciouscitybuildingpeoplesoftheirtime,itdidnotresortthesteadilyurbanizingsocietyinthesensethatdecadebydecadeandeverlargerproportionofthepeoplelivedincities.

In1690anestimated9to10percentofAmericancolonistslivedinurbansettlements.Acenturylater,thatwastheendofthe18thcentury,though24placeshad2500personsormore,citydwellersaccountedforonly5.1%ofthetotalpopulation.Forthenextthirtyyears,theproportionremainedrelativelystableanditwasnotuntilthe1830didtheurbanfiguremovedbackuptothelevelof1690.

Inshort,asthenumberofcitiesincreasedafter1690,theysentlargenumberofpeopleintocountrysideandtheyretained.Nonethelessthecontinuousmovementofpeopleintoandoutofthecitiesmadelifeinthemanybutrelativelysmallplaceslivelyandstimulating.

SECTIONB   INTERVIEW

M:

I'mtalkingtoJanetHolmeswhohasspentmanyyearsnegotiatingforseveralwell-knownnationalandmulti-nationalcompanies.Hello,Janet.

W:

Hello.

M:

NowJanet.You'veexperiencedandobservedthenegotiationstrategiesusedbypeoplefromdifferentcountriesandspeakersofdifferentlanguages.Sobeforewecommentonthedifferences,couldIaskyoutocommentfirstofallonwhatsuchencountershaveincommon?

W:

OK,well,I'mjustgoingtofocusonthesituationswherepeoplearespeakingEnglishininternationalbusinesssituations.

M:

Isee.Now,noteveryonespeaksEnglishtothesamedegreeofproficiency.So,maybethataffectssituations.

M:

Yes,perhaps.Butthatisnotalwayssosignificant.Well,because,Imean,negotiationsbetweenbusinesspartnersfromdifferentcountriesnormallymeanwehavenegotiationsbetweenindividualswhobelongtodistinctculturaltraditions.

M:

Oh,Isee.

W:

Well,everyindividualhasadifferentwayofperformingvarioustasksineverydaylife.

M:

Yes,but.butisn'titthecasethatinthebusinessnegotiation,theymustcometogetherandworktogethertoacertainextent.Imean,doesn'tthatlevelupthestyleof,thestyleofdifferencesorsomewhat?

W:

Oh,1amnotsosure.Imeanthere'speopleintheso-calledWesternWorldwhosaythatincourseofthepast30or40years,therewerealotofthingshadchangedagreatdealglobally,andthatasaconsequence,nationaldifferenceshaddiminished.Wehavegotfewer,givingwaytosomesortofinternationalAmericanizedstyle.

M:

Yeah,I'veheardthat.NowsomepeoplesaythisAmericanizedstylehasactedasamodelforlocalpatterns.

W:

Maybeithas,maybeithasn't.Becauseontheonehand,theredoesappeartobeafairlyunifiedevenuniformstyleofdoingbusinesswithcertainbasicprinciplesandpreferences,youknow,like"timeismoney",thatsortofthing. Butatthesametime,itisveryimportanttorememberthewayallretainaspectsofnationalcharacteristics.Butitisactualbehaviorthatwewilltalkabouthere. Weshouldn'tbetooquicktogeneralizethattonationalcharacteristicandstylistictype.Itdoesn'thelpmuch.

M:

Yeah.YoumentionedAmericanizedstyle.WhatisparticularaboutAmericanstyleofbusinessbargainingornegotiating?

W:

Well.I'venoticedthat,forexample,whenAmericansnegotiatewithpeoplefromBrazil,theAmericannegotiatorsmaketheirpointsinadirect,sophisticalway.

M:

Isee.

W:

WhileBrazilianmaketheirpointsinamoreindirectway.

M:

How?

W:

Letmegiveyouanexample.Brazilianimporterslookatpeoplethey'retalkingtostraightintheeyesalot.Theyspendtimeonwhatsomepeoplethinkstobebackgroundinformation.Theyseemtobemoreindirect.

M:

Then,whatabouttheAmericannegotiators?

W:

Americanstyleofnegotiating,ontheotherhand,isfarmorelikethatofpoint-making,firstpoint,secondpoint,thirdpoint,andsoon.Nowofcourse,thisisn'ttheonlywayinwhichonecannegotiateandabsolutelynoreasonwhythisshouldbeconsideredasthebestwaytonegotiate.

M:

Right.Americansseemtohavedifferentstyles,say,evenfromtheBritish,don'tthey?

W:

Exactly,whichjustshowhowcarefulyoumustbeaboutgeneralizing.1mean,howaskingyouexplainhowtheAmericannegotiatorsareseenasinformal,andsometimesmuchtooopen.ForBritisheyes,Americansaredirectevenblunt.

M:

Isthatso?

W:

Yeah,atthesametime,theBritishtoo.Germannegotiatorscanappeardirectanduncompromisinginthenegotiations,andyetifyouexperienceGermansandAmericansnegotiatingtogether,itisoftentheAmericanswhoarebeingtoobluntfortheGermannegotiators.

M:

Fascinating!

SopeoplefromdifferentEuropeancountriesusedifferentstyles,don'tthey?

W:

That'sright.

M:

OK.SowhatabouttheJapanesethen?

Imean,istheirstyledifferentfromtheAmericansandEuropeans?

W:

Oh,well,yes,ofcourse.ManyEuropeansnoditsextremepolitenessoftheirJapanesecounterparts,thewaytheyavoidgivingtheslightestdefense,youknow.They'realsoveryreservedtopeopletheydon'tknowwell.AtthefirstmeetingsAmericancolleagueshavedifficultiesinfindingtherightapproachsometimes.ButthenwhenyoumeettheJapanesenegotiatorsagain,thisinitialimpressiontendstodisappear.ButitisperhapstruetosaythatyouraverageJapanesebusinesspersondoeschoosehisormorereallyherwordsverycarefully.

M:

Socanwesaythatwhatevernationalitiesyouaredealingwith,youneedtorememberthatdifferentnationalitiesnegotiateindifferentways?

W:

Well,it'sperhapsmorehelpfultobearinmindthedifferentpeoplebehavein negotiatingindifferentways.Andyoushouldn'tassumethateveryonewillbehaveinthesamewaythatyoudo.

M:

Right.Itisdefinitelyaveryusefultipforourbusinessmanwhooftennegotiatewiththeiroverseaspartners.OK,Janet,thankyouverymuchfortalkingwithus.

W:

Pleasure.

SECTIONC   NEWSBROADCAST

NewsItemOne （ForQuestion11）

ThefirstInternationalTibetanTraditionalMedicineConferencewillbeheldJuly15thto17thinLasha,capitalcityofTibetautonomousregion.China'sEthnicMedicineInstitute,TibetanBureauandTibetanMedicalCollegewillco-hosttheconference.Theconferencehasreceivedmorethan500researchpapersfromChinaandabroad.Theorganizingcommitteeprimarilyselected290articlestobediscussedattheconference.Morethan50foreignguestsfromUnitedStates,Russia.Britain,India.Germany,France,ItalyandNepalwillattendthemeeting.TheChinesemainlandhassentdelegationconsistingof250Tibetanmedicineexpertstotheconference.

NewsItemTwo（ForQuestions12—13）

ThegovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionwereactivelyadopt