细胞与分子生物学词汇表.docx

细胞与分子生物学词汇表.docx

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细胞与分子生物学词汇表

Week1

1.organism[生物体Anindividual,composedoforgansystems（ifmulticellular）.Multipleorganismsmakeupapopulation.

2.cellsThesmalleststructuralunitsoflivingmattercapableoffunctioningindependently.

3.protist[原生生物

4.prokaryote[原核生物Typeofcellthatlacksamembrane-boundnucleusandhasnomembraneorganelles;abacterium.Prokaryotesaremoreprimitivethaneukaryotes.Cellslackingmembrane-boundorganellesandhavingasinglecircularchromosome,andribosomessurroundedbyacellmembrane.Prokaryoteswerethefirstformsoflifeonearth,evolvingover3.5billionyearsago

5.Prokaryotic原核的

6.eukaryote真核细胞Atypeofcellfoundinmanyorganismsincludingsingle-celledprotistsandmulticellularfungi,plants,andanimals;characterizedbyamembrane-boundednucleusandothermembraneousorganelles;anorganismcomposedofsuchcells.Thefirsteukaryotesareencounteredinrocksapproximately1.2-1.5billionyearsold.

7.Eukaryotic真核状态的

8.protozoa[原生生物Single-celledprotistsgroupedbytheirmethodoflocomotion.ThisgroupincludesParamecium,Amoeba,andmanyothercommonlyobservedprotests

9.plasma血浆Theliquidportionoftheblood.Alongwiththeextracellularþuid,itmakesuptheinternalenvironmentofmulticellularorganisms.

10.celltheoryOneofthefour（orfive）unifyingconceptsinbiology.Thecelltheorystatesthatalllivingthingsarecomposedofatleastonecellandthatthecellisthefundamentalunitoffunctioninallorganisms.Corollaries必然的结果:

thechemicalcompositionofallcellsisfundamentallyalike;allcellsarisefrompreexistingcellsthroughcelldivision.

11.mitosis[有丝分裂Thedivisionofthecell'snucleusandnuclearmaterialofacell;consistsoffourstages:

prophase,metaphase,anaphase,andtelophase.Cellxeroxing.Mitosisoccursonlyineukaryotes.TheDNAofthecellisreplicatedduringinterphaseofthecellcycleandthensegregatedduringthefourphasesofmitosis.

12.meiosis减数分裂Celldivisioninwhichthechromosomesreplicate,followedbytwonucleardivisions.Eachoftheresultinggametes（inanimals,sporesinplants）receivesahaploidsetofchromosomes.Reduction/divisionbywhichploidy,thenumberofsetsofhomologouschromosomes,isreducedintheformationofhaploidcellsthatbecomegametes（orgametophytesinplants）

13.ultracentrifuge[用超高速离心器

14.[metabolism新代Thesumofallchemicalreactions（energyexchanges）incells

15.irritability[过敏性,兴奋性,易怒

16.homeostasis[动态静止,动态平衡Theabilitytomaintainarelativelyconstantinternalenvironment

17.adaptation[适应Tendencyofanorganismtosuititsenvironment;oneofthemajorpointsofCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection:

organismsadapttotheirenvironment.Thoseorganismsbestadaptedwillhaveagreaterchanceofsurvivingandpassingtheirgenesontothenextgeneration.

18.Acellular:

havenotcellularorganisation,donotdisplayallthemajorlifeattributes.

19.virus病毒Infectiouschemicalagentcomposedofanucleicacid（DNAorRNA）insideaproteincoat

20.Viroids类病毒arenakedpiecesofRNAthatlackcytoplasm,membranes,etc.Theyareparasitesofsomeplantsandalsoaspossibleglimpsesofthefunctioningofpre-cellularlifeforms.

21.prions朊病毒,蛋白感染素Infectiousagentscomposedonlyofoneormoreproteinmoleculeswithoutanyaccompanyinggeneticinformation.

22.microscope显微镜

23.magnification放大倍率istheratioofenlargementbetweenthespecimenanditsimage

24.Resolution分辨率，在显微镜检时，所谓分辨即毗连两物能识别为相互分离时的最小距离。

istheabilitytodistinguishbetweentwoobjects.

25.Paramecium[草履虫

26.organelle[细胞器Cellcomponentsthatcarryoutindividualfunctions;e.g.,thecellnucleusandtheendoplasmicreticulum.Subcellularstructures（usuallymembrane-boundanduniquetoeukaryotes）thatperformsomefunction,e.g.chloroplast,mitochondrion,nucleus.

27.lysosomes[溶酶体Membrane-enclosedorganellescontainingdigestiveenzymes.Thelysosomesfusewithfoodvacuolesandenzymescontainedwithinthelysosomechemicallybreakdownand/ordigestthefoodvacuole'scontents.

28.endocytosis（细胞）吞作用Theincorporationofmaterialsfromoutsidethecellbytheformationofvesiclesintheplasmamembrane.Thevesiclessurroundthematerialsothecellcanengulfit.

29.Hierarchical分等级的

30.ecology[生态学,Thestudyofhoworganismsinteractwitheachotherandtheirphysicalenvironment。

31.population[人口Agroupofindividualsofthesamespecieslivinginthesameareaatthesametimeandsharingacommongenepool.Agroupofpotentiallyinterbreedingorganismsinageographicarea.

munity[公社,团体,社会Allspeciesorpopulationslivinginthesamearea.

33.ecosystem[生态系统Thecommunitylivinginanareaanditsphysicalenvironment.

34.biosphere[生物圈AllecosystemsonEarthaswellastheEarth'scrust,waters,andatmosphereonandinwhichorganismsexist;also,thesumofalllivingmatteronEarth.

35.nucleoside[核苷

36.glycose[单糖，

37.glucose[葡萄糖Asix-carbonsinglesugar;themostcommonenergysource.

38.minimum[最小的,最低的

39.coefficient[系数

40.metabolite[代物

41.molecules分子Unitsoftwoormoreatomsheldtogetherbychemicalbonds.Thecombinationofatomsbychemicalbondswiththecomponentatomsindefiniteporportions,suchaswater（twoHtooneO）.

42.Micro-organisms：

organismsnotvisibletonakedeye。

43.primarycellwallThecellwalloutsidetheplasmamembranethatsurroundsplantcells;composedofthepolysaccharidecellulose.

44.polysaccharides[多醣Longchainsofmonosaccharideunitsbondedtogether;e.g.,glycogen,starch,andcellulose.

Week2

1、isotonicsolution：

等溶液

2、osmosis[渗透（作用

3、Cholesterol胆固醇：

atypeoflipidcalledasterol（固醇）

4、Macromolecules大分子Largemoleculesmadeupofmanysmallorganicmoleculesthatareoftenreferredtoasmonomers;e.g.,carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Macromoleculesarepolymersofmonomers.

5、lipids类脂Oneofthefourclassesoforganicmacromolecules.Lipidsfunctioninthelong-termstorageofbiochemicalenergy,insulation,structureandcontrol.Examplesoflipidsincludethefats,waxes,oilsandsteroids（e.g.testosterone,cholesterol）.

6、Carbohydrates碳水化合物Organicmoleculescomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenthatserveasenergysourcesandstructuralmaterialsforcellsofallorganisms.

7、Glycolipids糖脂Polysaccharidesformedofsugarslinkedtolipids,apartofthecellmembrane.

8、Glycoproteins糖蛋白Polysaccharidesformedofsugarslinkedtoproteins.Ontheoutersurfaceofamembrane,theyactasreceptorsformolecularsignalsoriginatingoutsidethecell.

9、Hemoglobin血红蛋白Aredpigmentinredbloodcellsthatcanbindwithoxygenandislargelyresponsiblefortheblood'soxygen-carryingcapacity.Hemoglobiniscomposedoffourpolypeptidechains,twoalpha（）andtwobeta（）chains.

10、Phospholipids磷脂Asymmetricallipidmoleculeswithahydrophilicheadandahydrophobictail.Lipidswithaphosphategroupinplaceofoneofthethreefattyacidchains.Phospholipidsarethebuildingblocksofcellularmembranes.Phospholipidshavehydrophilicheads（glycerolandphosphate）andhydrophobictails（thenon-polarfattyacids）.

11、Hydrophilic亲水的Water-loving.Termappliedtopolarmoleculesthatcanformahydrogenbondwithwater.

12、Hydrophobic蔬水的Water-fearing.Termappliedtononpolarmoleculesthatcannotbondwithwater.

Week3

1.endocytosis胞吞作用Theincorporationofmaterialsfromoutsidethecellbytheformationofvesiclesintheplasmamembrane.Thevesiclessurroundthematerialsothecellcanengulfit.

2.phagocytosis吞噬作用Aformofendocytosisinwhichwhitebloodcellssurroundandengulfinvadingbacteriaorviruses

3.exocytosis胞吐作用Theprocessinwhichamembrane-enclosedvesicleÞrstfuseswiththeplasmamembraneandthenopensandreleasesitscontentstotheoutside

4.diffusion扩散Thespontaneousmovementofparticlesfromanareaofhigherconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration.

5.passivetransport被动运输Diffusionacrossaplasmamembraneinwhichthecellexpendsnoenergy.

6.activetransport主动运输Transportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient（fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration）withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembraneandenergyfromATP.

Week4

1、Cellmembrane细胞膜-thethinlayerofproteinandfatthatsurroundsthecell.Thecellmembraneissemipermeable,allowingsomesubstancestopassintothecellandblockingothers.

2、Cellwall–细胞壁athick,rigidmembranethatsurroundsaplantcell.Thislayerofcellulosefibergivesthecellmostofitssupportandstructure.Thecellwallalsobondswithothercellwallstoformthestructureoftheplant.

3、chloroplast[–叶绿体anelongatedordisc-shapedorganellecontainingchlorophyll.Photosynthesis（inwhichenergyfromsunlightisconvertedintochemicalenergy-food）takesplaceinthechloroplasts.

4、vacuole–液泡alarge,membrane-boundspacewithinaplantcellthatisfilledwithfluid.Mostplantcellshaveasinglevacuolethattakesupmuchofthecell.Ithelpsmaintaintheshapeofthecell.

5、christae（线粒体嵴）-（singularcrista[）themultiply-foldedinnermembraneofacell'smitochondrionthatarefinger-likeprojections.Thewallsofthecristaearethesiteofthecell'senergyproduction（itiswhereATPisgenerated）.

6、granum叶绿体基粒-（pluralgrana）Astackofthylakoiddiskswithinthechloroplastiscalledagranum.

7、Amyloplast[淀粉形成体-anorganelleinsomeplantcellsthatstoresstarch.Amyloplastsarefoundinstarchyplantsliketubersandfruits.

8、ATP-ATPisshortforadenosinetriphosphate;itisahigh-energymoleculeusedforenergystoragebyorganisms.Inplantcells,ATPisproducedinthecristaeofmitochondriaandchloroplasts.

9、chlorophyll[叶绿素-chlorophyllisamol