生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献.docx

生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献.docx

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生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

外文资料：

ProductionAutomation

CharlesL.Philips,RoyceD.Harbor.FeedbackControlSystems.PrenticHall,Inc..2000

Abstract:

Automationisawidelyusedterminmanufacturing.Inthiscontext,automationcanbedefinedasatechnologyconcernedwiththeapplicationofmechanical,electronic,andcomputer-basedsystemstooperateandcontrolproduction.Examplesofthistechnologyinclude:

•Automaticmachinetoolstoprocessparts.

•Automatedtransferlinesandsimilarsequentialproductionsystems.

•Automaticassemblymachines.

•Industrialrobots.

•Automaticmaterialhandlingandstoragesystems.

•Automatedinspectionsystemsforqualitycontrol.

•Feedbackcontrolandcomputerprocesscontrol.

•Computersystemsthatautomateproceduresforplanning,datacollection,anddecisionmakingtosupportmanufacturingactivities.

Keywords:

Automationmanufacturingmechanicalcomputer

Automatedproductionsystemscanbeclassifiedintotwobasiccategories:

fixedautomationandprogrammableautomation.

FixedAutomation

FixedautomationiswhatHarderwasreferringtowhenhecoinedthewordautomation.Fixedautomationreferstoproductionsystemsinwhichthesequenceofprocessingorassemblyoperationsisfixedbytheequipmentconfigurationandcannotbereadilychangedwithoutalteringtheequipment.Althougheachoperationinthesequenceisusuallysimple,theintegrationandcoordinationofmanysimpleoperationsintoasinglesystemmakesfixedautomationcomplex.Typicalfeaturesoffixedautomationinclude1.highinitialinvestmentforcustom-engineeredequipment,2.highproductionrates,3.applicationtoproductsinwhichhighquantitiesaretobeproduced,and4.relativeinflexibilityinaccommodatingproductchanges.

Fixedautomationiseconomicallyjustifiableforproductswithhighdemandrates.Thehighinitialinvestmentintheequipmentcanbedividedoveralargenumberofunits,perhapsmillions,thusmakingtheunitcostlowcomparedwithalternativemethodsofproduction.Examplesoffixedautomationincludetransferlinesformachining,dialindexingmachines,andautomatedassemblymachines.Muchofthetechnologyinfixedautomationwasdevelopedintheautomobileindustry;thetransferline（datingtoabout（1920）isanexample.

ProgrammableAutomation

Forprogrammableautomation,theequipmentisdesignedinsuchawaythatthesequenceofproductionoperationsiscontrolledbyaprogram,i.e.,asetofcodedinstructionsthatcanbereadandinterpretedbythesystem.Thustheoperationsequencecanbereadilychangedtopermitdifferentproductconfigurationstobeproducedonthesameequipment.Someofthefeaturesthatcharacterizeprogrammableautomationinclude1.highinvestmentingeneral-purposeprogrammableequipment,2.lowerproductionratesthanfixedautomation,3.flexibilitytodealwithchangesinproductconfiguration,and4.suitedtolowand/ormediumproductionofsimilarproductsorparts（e.g.partfamilies）.Examplesofprogrammableautomationincludenumericallycontrolledmachinetools,industrialrobots,andprogrammablelogiccontrollers.

Programmableproductionsystemsareoftenusedtoproducepartsorproductsinbatches.Theyareespeciallyappropriatewhenrepeatordersforbatchesofthesameproductareexpected.Toproduceeachbatchofanewproduct,thesystemmustbeprogrammedwiththesetofmachineinstructionsthatcorrespondtothatproduct.Thephysicalsetupoftheequipmentmustalsobechanged;specialfixturesmustbeattachedtothemachine,andtheappropriatetoolsmustbeloaded.Thischangeoverprocedurecanbetime-consuming.Asaresult,theusualproductioncycleforagivenbatchincludes1.a（3periodduringwhichthesetupandreprogrammingisaccomplishedand2.aperiodinwhichthebatchisprocessed.Thesetup-reprogrammingperiodconstitutesnonproductivetimeoftheautomatedsystem.

Theeconomicsofprogrammableautomationrequirethatasthesetup-reprogrammingtimeincreases,theproductionbatchsizemustbemadelargersoastospreadthecostoflostproductiontimeoveralargernumberofunits.Conversely,ifsetupandreprogrammingtimecanbereducedtozero,thebatchsizecanbereducedtoone.Thisisthetheoreticalbasisforflexibleautomation,anextensionofprogrammableautomation.Aflexibleautomatedsystemisonethatiscapableofproducingavarietyofproducts（orparts）withminimallosttimeforchangeoversfromoneproducttothenext.Thetimetoreprogramthesystemandalterthephysicalsetupisminimalandresultsinvirtuallynolostproductiontime.Consequently,thesystemiscapableofproducingvariouscombinationsandschedulesofproductsinacontinuousflow,ratherthanbatchproductionwithinterruptionsbetweenbatches.Thefeaturesofflexibleautomationare1.highinvestmentforacustom-e