当代英国概况知识要点.docx

当代英国概况知识要点.docx

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当代英国概况知识要点

ContemporaryBritishCultureandSociety

ForFinal

Chapter1 Introduction

A1   Geography        continued      IONA?

–TheBritishIsles土

A1   Geography      cont.*n.a.土

NationalFlag  TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

WALES             cont.

Culture:

OnethingthatmarksWalesoutfromtherestoftheBritainisthesurvivalofWelshasalivinglanguage.

Welshfoodisnotwell-known.Theyeatlaverbread（amixtureofseaweed,oatmealandbaconservedontoast）,Rarebit（cheeseontoastwiththeaddedflavorofmustardandbeer）.

NORTHERNIRELAND    cont.

Culture:

Performadanceknownasthe“jig〞whichtheydotoIrishfolkmusic.

Veryfestivepeopleanddanceonvariousoccasions.

Mealsarebasedaroundmeatslikelamb,beef,andpork.

Mainmealisusuallylunch,notdinner.

SCOTLAND            cont.

Culture:

GreatestScottishacplishmentseintheformofscience,literature,andphilosophy.

BagpipesareveryfamousinScotland.

Socialgatheringknownasceilidhwereverypopularinthetraditionalcultureinwhichfolkstoriesweretold.

Today,storiesaresubstitutedfordrinkinganddancing.

Scotsareknownprimarilyforgamedisheslikesmokedsalmonandvenison

A2      Population    

UK    59,289,194

 England   51,138,831

 Wales    2,903,085

 Scotland   5,162,011

 NorthernIreland  1,685,267

A2    Population         continued         Density

UKaverage                          243/km2

England                               376/km2

Scotland                                65/km2

Wales                                  141/km2

N.Ireland                             122/km2

France                                  106/km2

US                                          27/km2

A4  Class

TheUnitedKingdomisincreasinglydescribedasaclasslesssociety.

Howevermanypeoplestillbelievesocietyisorderedintermsofclassandthatdiscriminationoccursbetweenclasses.

EverythingaBritondoesandsaysisinfluencedbyclass.

Accent*,vocabulary*,job*,hobbies*andtypesofrelationshipallfitintotheclassstructure.

A5      50YearsofChange      

The1950s –atimeofgreatchangesin  fieldsofeconomy,culture, politics.

The1960s –adecadeofyoungrebellious       younggeneration

The1970s –adecadeofstrikesandrecession

The1980s –adecadeofThatcherism

The1990s–adecadeofgreatexpectation

A5.   TheDevolution土

JeremyJohnsonhasbeenabuildinglabourersinceheleftuniversityafterobtainingadegreeinelectronics.Thiswastheonlyjobhecouldgetatthetimebutnowheenjoysthephysicalworkandhehasdecidedtocontinueinthebuildingindustry.Hesaysheismiddleclass.

Whichclasswouldyousayhewasin—themiddleclassortheworkingclass?

why?

Thereisnodefiniteanswertothequestion.Thereisasubjectiveperspective（whatclassattachmenttheindividualfeels）andanobjectiveperspective（whichclasstheindividualisallocatedtobystatisticians）.

ThepurposeoftheactivityistoimpressuponthestudentsthatclassisanindefiniteconceptinBritain.

Chapter2Family&PersonalRelationships

A1   TheFamily         cont.One-parentfamilies&theirdependentchildren土

SociologicalExplanationsoftheIncreaseinDivorce

Canyouworkoutanyreasons toexplainwhyinmodernworld,thedivorcerateisincreasingallaroundtheworld?

SociologicalExplanationsoftheIncreaseinDivorce

Thevalueofmarriage

Conflictbetweenspouses

Theeaseofdivorce

Women,paidemploymentandmaritalconflict

Ineandclass

Age

Maritalstatusofparents

Backgroundandroleexpectations

Occupation

Contemporary BritishCultureandSociety 

Chapter3     Family&Relationship

（2）

A2  ParentsandChildren         ChinesevsBritish

Chineseparentsaremoreprotectiveandcontrolling.

ThemainqualitiesappreciatedinparentsandsharedbyyoungpeopleinBritainandChinaalikemaybethattheyareunderstandingandsupportingincrises,allowfreedomofactionwithinaframeworkofconstraintsand,morepragmatically,offerfinancialsupportandcontributions.Formanyyoungpeople,parents areobviouslyaprimarysourceofadviceaboutpersonalaswellasmoregeneralproblems,especiallyinrelationtoemployment

Chapter4 EducationinUK

A1  Change&ReforminSchools

Before1870schoolsweresetupbychurches,40%ofchildrenaged10attended

From1870onwardsgovernmenttookresponsibilityforeducation.（why?

）

Itwasinresponsetochangescausedbyindustrialrevolutionandmovementforsocial&politicalreform

The1944ActinEngland&Walesgaveallchildrentherighttofreesecondaryeducation

Thetripartitesystem–atendofprimaryeducationchildrenareselectedbymeansofstreaming.Thoseonthetopstream（20%）wenttogrammarschools.Therestwenttosecondarymodernandtechnicalschools

A1 Change&Reform   cont

TheNationalCurriculuminEnglandandWalesisdividedintofourKeyStages（KS）,threecoresubjects（English,MathematicsandScience）andninenon-corefoundationsubjects.

A1Reform&Change  Key   StagesandTests 土

TheKeyStagesareage-related:

KS1goesuptoageseven,KS2fromseventoeleven,KS3fromeleventofourteen（pre-GCSE）andKS4fromfourteentosixteen（preparationforGCSEandequivalentvocationalqualifications）-

A3InstitutionsofHigherEducation          Cambridge

CambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209 bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.

A3 InstitutionofHigherEducation          Oxford

OxfordUniversity.LegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872.AmorelikelyscenarioisthatitgrewoutofeffortsbegunbyAlfredtoencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Theremayhavebeenagrammarschoolthereinthe9thcentury.Agrammarschoolwasexactlywhatitsoundslike;aplaceforteachingLatingrammar.TheUniversityasweknowitactuallybeganinthe12thcenturyasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.

A3InstitutionsofHigherEducation        Oxbridge

TheBoatRacebetweenOxford&CambridgestartedJune10,1829

TheeventisnowaBritishnationalinstitution,andistelevisedliveeachyear.TheracehasbeenwonbyCambridge77timesandOxford71.The2003racewasamongsttheclosestinhistory,withOxfordwinningbylessthanafoot.Oneentertainmentforspectatorsisthepossibilityofaboatsinking.Thishasoccurredonthreeoccasions;totheOxfordcrewin1925andtoCambridgein1859andin1978.

Theraceiscurrentlyrunoverafourmileand374yardstretchoftheRiverThamesbetweenPutneyandMortlakeinLondon.

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A3  InstitutionsofHigherLearning             Crisis

Universitiesincrisis

Inmostuniversitiesresourcesarespentonday-to-dayteachingandresearch.Atthesametimeacademicsalarieshavestalled:

plumbersearnmorethanprofessors;researchstaffarepaidlessthanschooldinnerladies.SotopacademicsarefleeingtotheUSandtherearechronicshortagesofteachingstaffinareassuchaslaw,puting,maths andputers

A3InstitutionsofHigherEducation          Crisis

Howhasallthiseabout?

Itboilsdowntoasimpleequation:

governmentfundinghasremainedstaticoverthepastfewdecadeswhilethenumberofstudentshasskyrocketed.Asaresult,Britainwouldnowhavetospend£3.5bnayearjusttobringtheamountitspendsperstudentuptotheEUaverage.

A4  FurtherEducation&   Training         YTS

ObjectivesofYouthTrainingScheme:

Togiveatrainingopportunitytoschoolleaverswhodidnotgetajoborgoontouniversity

Toensurethattheseyoungpeoplelearnhowtotransfertheskillstheylearninonejobtoanother

Critiques:

 1.artificiallyreduceunemploymentfigures  2.reinforceyoungpeople’sstatusas   determinedbytheirclassbackground                 3.jobsarenotguaranteedaftertraining

Questions:

Whatdoyouunderstandbythetermstreaming?

Isitareasonablesystem?

InmanyBritishschools,childrenaregroupedtogetheraccordingtotheirability,andthisisknownas“streaming〞.Theword‘stream’canbeusedasanoun（i.e.Sheisinthetopstream/theAstream.）andasaverb（i.e.Theschoolstreamsitspupils.）

Asforwhetheritisareasonablesystem,differentpeoplemayhavedifferentopinions.Somepeoplemaynotthinkitfairtoputchildrenintogroupsaccordingtotheirability,whileothersmaythinkithelpfultopromotepetitionamongchildren.

ContemporaryBritishCulture&Society   （5）

Chapter5 Work

A4Unions&Management

Trade unions:

firstformedintheearlystagesof theIndustrialRevolution,bygroupsofindustrialworkerswhosufferedfromextremelylow payand badworkingconditions

Therearefourtypesofunion:

GeneralUnions,whichrepresentworkersinarangeofindustries.

CraftUnions,whichrepresentworkersfromagroupofindustrieswhoshareaparticularskill

IndustrialUnions,whichrepresentworkersinaparticularindustrywhatevertheirskillis,e.g.TheNationalUnionofMineworkers（NUM）

WhiteCollarUnions,whichrepresentnon-manualworkerse.g.TheNationalUnionofTeachers（NUT）

A4Unions&Management 

Pros.

theyare essentialforprotecting theinterestsofemployeeswhomightotherwisegetarawdeal from powerfulemployersorin industries which aredecliningand whereredundanciesarehighly likely.

unions played anactivepartinpersuadingthe