SAT2从句.docx
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SAT2从句
从句语法
名词性从句
一、概说
名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
二、名词性从句的一般引导词
1.连接词that只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。
如:
Ihope(that)youenjoyyourholiday.希望你假期过得好。
Thathelikesyouisveryobvious.很显然他喜欢你。
2.连接词whether也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时,可换成if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成if。
Heaskedwhether[if]Iwouldshowhimtheway.他问我是否可以给他带路。
Whetheritwilldousharmremainstobeseen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。
(引导主语从句,不能用if代替whether)
3.连接代词who(m),whose,which,what等,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。
如:
That’swhyshewantedtoleave.这就是她想离开的原因。
Whenwearrivedoesn'tmatter.什么时候到没有关系。
Tellmewhichoneyoulikebest.告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。
4.连接副词when,where,why,how等,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。
如:
Thequestionishowweshouldcarryouttheplan.问题是怎样执行这个计划。
Whenshe’llbebackdependsmuchontheweather.她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。
Whyhediditwillremainapuzzleforever.他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。
三、名词性从句的重要引导词
1.what用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。
它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:
一是表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“…所…的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。
如:
Idon’tknowwhatyouwant.我不知道你想要什么。
Idon’tknowwhatyouwantisthis.我不知道你所想要的是这个。
2.what引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。
如:
IgavehimwhatbooksIhad.我把我所有的书都给他了。
Hegavemewhatmoneyhehadabouthim.他把身边带有的钱全给了我。
注:
what后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,两者的区别是:
what+不可数名词=所有的都,whatlittle+不可数名词=虽少但全部。
如:
Whatfriendsshehasareoutofthecountry.她有的那些朋友全在国外。
Wegavehimwhat(little)helpwecould.我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。
3.whoever,whatever,whichever等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所…的一切事或东西”、“任何…的人”、““…的任可人或物”等。
如:
Whoeverwantsthebookmayhaveit.任何人要这书都可拿去。
I’lldowhateverIcantohelphim.我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。
Buywhicheverischeapest.买最便宜的。
注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:
任何人来都欢迎。
误:
Whocomeswillbewelcome./Anyonecomeswillbewelcome.
正:
Whoevercomeswillbewelcome./Anyonewhocomeswillbewelcome.
另外,它们也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“无论…”、“不管…”,其意相当于nomatterwho[what,which]。
如:
Whateverhappens,youmustbecalm.不管发生什么情况,你都必须镇静。
(whatever=nomatterwhat)
Hewon'teatyou,whoeverheis.不管他是谁,他也不能把你吃掉。
(whoever=nomatterwho)
注:
whoever既用作主格也用作宾语;作宾语时不宜用whomever,因为在现代英语中whomever这个已几乎废弃不用。
4.why与because的用法区别。
两者均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调的原因。
如:
Ihadacold.That’swhyIdidn'tcome.我感冒了,因此我没来。
Ididn’tcome.That’sbecauseIhadacold.我没有来,那是因为我感冒了。
五、名词性从句的语序
名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m),whose,which,what和连接副词when,where,why等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。
如:
Whywasshecrying?
她为什么在哭?
Idon’tknowwhyhewascrying.我不知道她为什么哭。
六、名词性从句的时态问题
1.当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。
如:
Shesaidthatshedidn'twanttoknow.她说她不想知道。
Iaskedherwhethershewouldagree.我问她是否会同意。
2.when,if这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。
当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。
如:
Idon’tknowwhenhewillcome,butwhenhecomes,I’llcallyou.我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。
句中第一个when引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。
定语从句
一、定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用:
A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如:
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man, “who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
注意:
关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3.Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4.That 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which.。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意:
指物时,常用下列结构来代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
3、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意:
1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。
如:
look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。
关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
如:
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。
四、关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗?
2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意:
关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
如:
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.
自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.
他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.
他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上:
不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上:
是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上:
译成先行词的定语:
“...的”
关系词的使用上:
A.作宾语时可省略B.可用thatC.可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上:
用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上:
只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上:
通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上:
A.不可省略B.不用thatC.不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例:
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 :
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的, 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天,我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
(一)限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。
如:
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如:
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。
如:
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
如:
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
如:
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, t