经济学考试题型及答案.docx

经济学考试题型及答案.docx

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经济学考试题型及答案

名词解释题

Opportunitycost：

whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.

Marginalchange：

asmallincrementaladjustmenttoaplanofaction

Inflation：

anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

Externality：

theimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander

Productionpossibilityfrontier：

agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.

Microeconomics：

thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets.

Macroeconomics：

thestudyofeconomy–widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

Positivestatements:

claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

Absoluteadvantage：

theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer

Comparativeadvantage：

theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer.

Demandcurve:

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

Normalgood：

agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand

Inferiorgood：

agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoandecreaseindemand

Supplycurve：

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

Surplus：

asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded

Elasticity：

ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtoachangeinoneofitsdeterminants

Priceelasticityofdemand：

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

Totalrevenue：

theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegooditemsthequantitysold

Priceelasticityofsupply：

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthegood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

Priceceiling：

alegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Pricefloor：

alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Taxincidence：

themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket

Welfareeconomics：

thestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being

Willingnesstopay：

themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood

Consumersurplus：

theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit

producersurplus:

theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit

Deadweightloss：

thefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfromamarketdistortion,suchasatax

Worldprice：

thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood

Tariff：

taxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

Correctivetax：

ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality

Coasetheorem：

thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown

Transactioncosts：

thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain

Privategoods：

goodsthatarebothexcludablenorrivalinconsumption

Publicgoods:

goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption

commonresources:

goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable

Clubgoods：

goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption

freerider:

apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit

cost–benefitanalysis:

astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood

Tragedyofthecommons：

aparablethatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole

Budgetdeficit：

anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts

Averagetaxrate：

totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome

Benefitsprinciple：

theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices

Regressivetax:

ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayasmallerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayers

Progressivetax：

ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayalargefractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayers

Explicitcosts：

inputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm

Implicitcosts：

inputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm

Fixedcosts：

coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced

Variablecosts：

coststhatvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced

Marginalcost:

theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproduction

选择题

Chapter11-5acbbd6a

Chapter21-5cabcd6a

Chapter31-5dbadb6d

Chapter41-5bbdba6c

Chapter51-5abdca6c

Chapter61-5dcaad6d

Chapter71-5aabcb6c

Chapter81-5abcab6a

Chapter91-5acabc6d

Chapter101-5cbacb6c

Chapter111-5abbdb6c

Chapter121-5bcaad6c

Chapter131-5addcb6a

Chapter141-5cbdad6c

简答题

8.whyisproductivityimportant？

（p18）

9.whatisinflationandwhatcauseit？

（p18）

3.Shouldaneconomicmodeldescriberealityexactly？

（p36）

10.Whydoeconomistssometimesofferconflictingadvicetopolicymakers?

（p36）

2.Explainhowabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagediffer.（p59）

2.Whatarethedemandscheduleandthedemandcurve,andhowaretheyrelated?

Whydoesthedemandcurveslopedownward?

（p86）

7.Definetheequilibriumofamarket.Describetheforcesthatmoveamarkettowarditsequilibrium.（p86）

4.Onasupply-and-demanddiagram,showequilibriumprice,equilibriumquantity,andthetotalrevenuereceivedbyproducers.（p108）

4.Explainwhyeconomistsusuallyopposecontrolsonprices.（p129）

6.Howdoesataxonagoodaffectthepricepaidbybuyers,thepricereceivedbysellers,andthequantitysold?

（p129）

1.Explainhowbuyers’willingnesstopay,consumersurplus,andthedemandcurvearerelated.（p151）

2.Drawasupply-and-demanddiagramwithataxonthesaleofagood.Showthedeadweightloss.Showthetaxrevenue.（p168）

4.Describewhatatariffisanditseconomiceffects.（p189）

5.Listfiveargumentsoftengiventosupporttraderestrictions.Howdoeconomistsrespondtothesearguments?

（p189）

5.Listsomeofthewaysthattheproblemscausedbyexternalitiescanbesolvedwithoutgovernmentintervention.（p212）

6.Imaginethatyouareanonsmokersharingaroomwithasmoker.AccordingtotheCoasetheorem,whatdetermineswhetheryourroommatesmokesintheroom?

Isthisoutcomeefficient?

Howdoyouandyourroommatereachthissolution?

（p212）

2.Defineandgiveanexampleofapublicgood.Cantheprivatemarketprovidethisgoodonitsown?

Explain.（p229）