经济学考试题型及答案.docx

1、经济学考试题型及答案名词解释题Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Marginal change：a small incremental adjustment to a plan of actionInflation：an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyExternality：the impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystanderProduction

2、possibility frontier：a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics：the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.Macroeconomi

3、cs：the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthPositive statements:claims that attempt todescribe the world as it isAbsolute advantage：the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producerComparative advantage：the ability to produce a g

4、ood at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedNormal good：a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandInferior good：a good for which, other thing

5、s being equal, an increase in income leads to an decrease in demandSupply curve：a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSurplus：a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedElasticity：a measure of the responsiveness of quantity dema

6、nded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants Price elasticity of demand：a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceTotal reve

7、nue：the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good items the quantity soldPrice elasticity of supply：a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of the good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supp

8、lied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice ceiling：a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice floor：a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldTax incidence：the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketWelfare economics：the

9、study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay：the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodConsumer surplus：the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for itproducer surplus: the amount a seller ispaid for a

10、 good minusthe sellers cost ofproviding itDeadweight loss：the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxWorld price：the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodTariff：tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyCorrective tax：a tax designe

11、d to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityCoase theorem：the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Transaction costs：th

12、e costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainPrivate goods：goods that are both excludable nor rival in consumptionPublic goods: goods that are neitherexcludable nor rival inconsumptioncommon resources: goods that are rival inconsumption but notexcludable

13、Club goods：goods that are excludable but not rival in consumptionfree rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itcostbenefit analysis:a study that comparesthe costs and benefitsto society of providing apublic goodTragedy of the commons：a parable that illustrates why c

14、ommon resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeBudget deficit：an excess of government spending over government receiptsAverage tax rate：total taxes paid divided by total incomeBenefits principle：the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits the

15、y receive from government servicesRegressive tax: a tax for which high-incometaxpayers pay asmaller fraction of theirincome than do low-incometaxpayersProgressive tax：a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a large fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersExplicit costs：input costs tha

16、t require an outlay of money by the firmImplicit costs：input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmFixed costs：costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedVariable costs：costs that vary with the quantity of output producedMarginal cost: the increase in total cost tha

17、t arises from an extra unit of production选择题Chapter1 1-5 acbbd 6aChapter21-5 cabcd 6aChapter31-5 dbadb 6dChapter41-5 bbdba 6cChapter51-5 abdca 6cChapter61-5 dcaad 6dChapter71-5 aabcb 6cChapter81-5 abcab 6aChapter91-5 acabc 6dChapter101-5 cbacb 6cChapter111-5 abbdb6cChapter12 1-5bcaad 6cChapter13 1-5

18、addcb 6aChapter14 1-5cbdad 6c简答题8. why is productivity important？(p18)9.what is inflation and what cause it？(p18)3.Should an economic model describe reality exactly？（p36）10. Why do economists sometimes offer conflicting advicetopolicymakers?(p36)2. Explain how absolute advantage and comparativeadvan

19、tage differ.(p59)2. What are the demand schedule and the demandcurve, and how are they related? Why does the demandcurve slope downward?(p86)7. Define the equilibrium of a market. Describe the forcesthat move a market toward its equilibrium.(p86)4. On a supply-and-demand diagram, show equilibriumpri

20、ce, equilibrium quantity, and the totalrevenuereceivedby producers.(p108)4. Explain why economists usually oppose controlson prices.(p129)6. How does a tax on a good affect the price paidby buyers, the price received by sellers, and thequantity sold?(p129)1. Explain how buyers willingness to pay, co

21、nsumersurplus, and the demand curve are related.(p151)2. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram with a tax onthe sale of a good. Show the deadweight loss. Showthe tax revenue.(p168)4. Describe what a tariff is and its economic effects.(p189)5. List five arguments often given to support trade restrictions.

22、How do economists respond to these arguments?(p189)5. List some of the ways that the problems caused byexternalities can be solved without governmentintervention.(p212)6. Imagine that you are a nonsmoker sharing a roomwith a smoker. According to the Coase theorem, whatdetermines whether your roommate smokes in theroom? Is this outcome efficient? How do you and yourroommate reach this solution?(p212)2. Define and give an example of a public good. Can theprivate market provide this good on its own? Explain.(p229)