TPO7 listening 听力文本.docx

TPO7 listening 听力文本.docx

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TPO7listening听力文本

TPO07–ListeningPart

Conversation

Eric:

Hi,ProfessorMason,doyouhaveaminute?

Pro:

Yeah,ofcourse,Eric.IthinktherewassomethingIwantedtotalktoyouabouttoo.

Eric:

Probablymylateessay.

Pro:

Ah,thatmustbeit.IthoughtmaybeI’dlostit.

Eric:

No,I'msorry.Actuallyitwasmycomputerthatlostit,thefirstdraftofit.And,well,anyway,Ifinallyputitinyourmailboxyesterday.

Pro:

Oh,Ihaven'tcheckedthemailboxyettoday.Well,I'mgladit'sthere.I

willreaditthisweekend.

Eric:

Well,sorryagain.Say,Icansendittoyoubyemailtooifyoulike.

Pro:

Great.I'llbeinterestedtoseehowitallcomesout.

Eric:

Right.Now,ah,Ijusthaveoverheardsomegraduatesstudentstalking.SomethingaboutapartyforDeAdams?

Pro:

Retirementparty,yes,allstudentsareinvited.Wasn'ttherenoticeonthe

AnthropologyDepartment'sbulletinboard?

Eric:

Ah,Idon'tknow.ButIwanttoofferhelpwithit.Youknowwhateveryouneed.DeAdams,well,Itookafewanthropologyclasseswithherandtheyweregreat,inspiring.That'swhyIwanttopitchin.

Pro:

Oh,that'sverythoughtfulofyou,Eric,butitwillbelowkey,nothingflashy.That'snotherstyle.

Eric:

Sothere'snothing?

Pro:

No,we'llhavecoffeeandcookies,maybeacake.Butactuallycouplesoftheadministrativeassistantsareworkingonthat.YoucouldaskthembutIthinkthey'vegotcovered.

Eric:

Ok.

Pro:

Actually,oh,no,nevermind.

Eric:

What'sit?

Pro:

Well,it'snothingtodowiththepartyandI'msuretherearemoreexcitingwaysthatyoucouldspendyourtime.Butwedoneedsomehelpwithsomething.Workpillingadatabaseofarticlestheanthropologyfacultyhaspublished.Thereisnotmuchglory,butwearelookingforsomeonewithsomeknowledgeofanthropologywhocanenterthearticles.Ihesitatetomentionit.ButIdon'tsupposeit'ssomethingyouwould

Eric:

No,thatsoundslikecool.Iwouldliketoseewhattheyarewritingabout.

Pro:

Wonderful.Andtherearealsosomeunpublishedstudies.DoyouknowDeAdamsdidalotoffieldresearchinIndonesia?

Mostofthemhaven'tbeenpublishedyet.

Eric:

No,likewhat?

Pro:

Well,sheisreallyversatile.ShejustspentseveralmonthsstudyingsocialinteractionsinIndonesiaandshe'sbeeninfluentialinecology.Oh,andshe'salsodoneworkinsouthofAmerica,thisisclosertobiology,especiallywithspeciation.

Eric:

ah,nottoseemuninformed

Pro:

Well,how'sspeciesform?

Youknow,howtwodistinctspeciesformfromone.Likewhenpopulationofthesamespeciesareisolatedfromeachotherandthendevelopedintotwodifferentdirectionsandendedupwithtwodistinctspecies.

Eric:

Interesting.

Pro:

Yes,whileshewasthereinthesouthofAmerica,shecollectedalotoflinguisticinformationandsounds,reallyfascinating.

Eric:

Well.Ihatetoseeherleave.

Pro:

Don'tworry.She'llstillbearound.She'sgotlotsofprojectsthatshe'sstillinthemiddleof.

Lecture

Pro:

The19centurywasthetimethatthoughtwhatwecalled:

RealismdevelopinginEuropeanintheater.Um…tounderstandthisthough,wefirstneedtolookattheearlyformofdramaknownasthewell-madeplay,whichbasicallywasapatternforconstructingplays,playsthatthebeginningwithsomeearly19century’scomediesinFranceprovedverysuccessfulcommercially.Thedramaticdevisesuseherewordactuallyanythingnew,theyhavebeenaroundforcenturies.Buttheformulaforwell-madeplayrequiredcertainelementsbeingincluded,inaparticularorder,andmostimportantly,thateverythingintheplaysbelogicallyconnected.Infact,someoftheplayerwriteswouldstartbywritingtheendoftheplay.Andtheword“backward”towardthebeginning,justtomakesureeacheventletlogicallyfromwhathasgonebefore.Ok,whatarethenecessaryelementsofwell-madeplay?

Well,thefirstislogicalexposition.Expositioniswhateverbackgroundinformationyouhavetoreviewtotheaudience.So,theyallunderstandwhat

isgoingon.Beforethistime,expositionmightcomefromtheactorssimplygivingspeeches.Someonemightwatchoutthestageandsee:

“lyricquotation”.AnduntilallaboutthefeltingfamilyofRomeoandJulie,butforthewell-madeplay,eventheexpositionhadtobelogic,believable.So,forexample,youmighthavetwoservantsgossipingastheyarecleaningthehouse.Andonesays,Oh,whatashamemastersoundstillnotmarried.Andtheothermightmentionthatarumoraboutthemysteriousagentlemenwhojustmovedintothetownwithhisbeautifuldaughter.Thesecommentsarepartsoftheplaylogicalexposition.

Thenextkeyelementsofthewell-madeplayrefertoastheincitingincidents.Afterwehavethebackgroundinformation,weneedakingmomenttogetthingsmoving,theyreallymaketheaudienceinterestedinwhatishappenedtothecharacterswejustheardaboutit.So,forexample,afterthetwoservantsreviewallthisbackgroundinformation,weneedtheyoungman.Justishefirstlieseyesonthebeautifulwoman,andheimmediatelyfallsinlove.Thisistheincitingincidence.Itsetsoff,theplotoftheplay.

Now,theplotofwell-madeplaysisusuallydrivenbysecrets.Things,theaudiencesknow,butthecharactersoftendon’tknow.So,forexample,theaudiencelearnedthroughaletterorthroughsomeoneelse’sconversation.Whoisthemysteriousgentlemanis,andwhyheleftthetownmanyyearsbefore.Buttheyoungmandoesn’tknowaboutthis.Andthewomandoesn’tunderstandtheancientconnectionbetweenherfamilyandheis.Beforethesecretarereviewedtothemaincharacter,theplotoftheplayperceivedastheseriesofthesortsoftheupanddownmoments.Forexample,thewomanfirstappearsnottoevennoticetheyoungman,anditseemstohimliketheendoftheworld.Butthen,helearnsthatthesheactuallywantstomeethimtoo.So,lifeiswonderful.Then,ifhetriestotalkwithher,maybeherfathergetfurious,fornoapparentreason.So,theycannotseeeachother.But,justtheyoungmanhasalmostlovedallhopes,hefindsout,wellyougettheidea,thereversalthefortunecontinue,increasingtheaudience’stensionandexcitement.Theycanwonderthateverythingisgoingtocomeoutorcareitnot.

Nextcomein,elementsknownasthe:

Anobligatoryscene.It’sscene,amomentinwhichallthesecretsarereviewed.Ingenerally,thingsturnoutwellfortheheroandotherswearecareabout,ahappyendingofsomesorts.This

becamesopopularthattheplaywrightalmosthadtoincludeitineveryplaywhichiswhyiscalled:

theobligatoryscene.Andthat’sfollowedbythefinaldramaticelement---thedenouementortheresolution,whenallthelucenthavetobetightupinthelogicalway.Remember,theobligatoryscenegivestheaudienceemotionalpleasure.Butthedenouementofferstheaudiencealogicalconclusion.That’sthesubtledistinctionweneedtotryveryhardtokeepinmind.So,asIsaid,thewell-madeplay,thisformofplaywriting,becamethebaseforrealismindrama,andforalotofverypopular19centuryplays.Andalso,apatternwefindinplotsoflatermanyplay,andevenmoviesthatweseeittoday.

Lecture

Pro:

So,thatishowelephantusesinfrasound.Now,let’stalkabouttheotherandtheacousticspectrums,soundthatistoohighforhumanstohear---ultrasounds.Ultrasoundisusedbymanyanimalsthatdetectedandsomeofthemseenoutveryhighfrequencysounds.So,whatisagoodexample?

Yes,Kayo.

Kayo:

Well,bats,sincethereisallblind,betshavetousesoundfor,youknow,tokeepthemfromflyinginthethings.

Pro:

Thatisecholocation.Echolocationisprettyself-explanatory;usingechoesreflectedsoundwavestolocatedthings.AsKayosaidthatbatusedfornavigationandorientation.Andwhatiselse.Make.

Make:

Well,findingfoodisalwaysimportant,andIguessnotbecomingfoodforotheranimals.

Pro:

Right,onbothaccounts.Avoidingotherpredators,andlocatingprey,typicallyinsectsthatflyarounditatnight.BeforeIgoon,letmejustrespondsomethingKayowassaying---thisideathatisbatsareblind.Actually,therearesomespeciesofbats,theonethatdon’tuseecholocationthatdorelyontheirvisionfornavigation,butitstrueformanybats,theirvisionistooweakto

counton.Ok,soquicksomeraysifecholocationworks.Thebatsemittheultrasonicpulses,veryhighpitchsoundwavesthatwecannothear.Andthen,theyanalyzetheechoes,howthewavesboundback.Here,letmefinishthestylediagramIstarteditbeforetheclass.Sothebatsendsoutthepulses,veryfocusbirdsofsound,andechoboundsback.Youknow,Idon’tthinkIneedtodrawtheechoes,yourreadingassignmentforthenextclass;ithasdiagramshowsthisveryclearly.So,anyway,asIweresaying,byanalyzingthisecho,thebatcandetermine,say,ifthereiswallinacavethatneedstoavoid,andhowfarawayitis.Anotherthingusestheultrasoundtodetectisthesizeandtheshapeofobjects.Forexample,oneechotheyquicklyidentifiedisonewayassociatedwithmoth,whichiscommonpreyforabat,particularlyamothmeetingitswings.However,mothhappenedtohavemajoradvantageovermostotherinsects.Theycandetectultrasound;thismeansthatwhenthebatapproaches,themothcandetectthebat’spresence.So,ithastimetoescapetosafety,orelsetheycanjustremainmotionless.Since,whentheystopmeetingtheirwings,theywillbemuchhardforthebattodistinguishfrom,oh…aleaveorsomeotherobject.Now,wehavetendedtounderestimatejusthowsophisticatedtheabilitythatanimalsthatus