托福写作 2.docx
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托福写作2
Chapter1:
写作概览
★AbouttheTest
!
Writingisthetoughest
@Reading60mins
⏹3passages12-14Qs
⏹650-750words
@Listening60mins
⏹2conversations5Qs
⏹4speeches6Qs
@Speaking15-20mins
⏹6tasks
⏹1and2:
Answerquestions
⏹3and4:
Read+Listen+Answer
⏹5and6:
Listen+Answer
@Writing60mins
☆综合作文20minutes
☆独立作文30minutes
★综合与独立之差异:
!
综合写作是结合听读笔记并作比较
(忠实记录,无观点)
!
独立写作是围绕题目展开讨论
(切题论证,有观点,)
★综合写作忌多
☆综合作文不是语言的综合
--Writingbasedonlisteningandreading
Summarizehowthelisteningcastdoubton/supportthepointsinthereading.
◆Compare+Connect+Conclude
!
高分关键—Clear+Loyal!
!
★独立写作忌散
☆独立作文是论据的独立
--Writingbasedon(your)knowledgeandexperience
◆discussaroundaspecifictopic
--Position观点+Support支持
!
高分关键—Specific!
托福写作策略
--wecan&wecan’t
!
Ifwedonotthinkclearly,wecannotwriteclearly!
☆托福强化写作的三不原则
!
不要为了凑字数而写文章!
320—370—400—450
◣不要被字数牵绊
◣添加剂总是troublemaker
◣文字是信息的载体
◣字数不是问题,时间才是关键
!
不要翻译思想!
--写作不是翻译
◣不要陷入先入为主的想法
◣不要太依赖字典
◣英汉未必有一一对应
Sayawordinheart,Ithinkwelcomethechallengeisveryokanddeliciousforboththesinglepersonandtheplanet.
Letmetellyou,Idisagreethisopinionbecauseitisstupidandanyonewithbrainswillturnagainstit.
Itisusefultolettheoldpassaway.
Today,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionwiththeproblemaboutwhohasmoreeffectsonchildren:
friendsorTV.
!
不要追求真理!
--写作不必面面俱到
◣表达观点而不是写真理。
◣观点(perspectives)是种角度和姿态。
◣观点不是真理。
◣作文不是免责声明。
!
滴水不漏才是最大的疏漏
--and/or
Thesuccessfulindividualsorpeoplearethemalesorfemaleswhohaveachievedandaccomplishedorevenhavebeenregardedtogetgreatdeedsorcontributions.Heorshe,inthepastofhistory,inmodernsocietyandinthefutureoftomorrow,was,isorwillbeadmiredorworshipedbyallofusoratleastthemajorityofthepublic….
☆托福独立写作的五要原则
1.题目要分析
◣脱离题目而空谈思路是危险的。
Doyouagreeordisagree:
Therisinguprateofjuveniledelinquencyinmajorcitiesprimarilyresultsfromtheinfluenceofthemedia.
Doyouagreeordisagree:
Thebestwayparentscanhelptheirteenagechildrenprepareforfuturelifeistoencouragethemtakingpart-timejobs.
Tip:
在GT写作中,请考虑题设的合理性。
Agreeordisagree:
Acityshoulddestroytheold,historicbuildingsandreplacethemwithmodernbuildings
Eg.
historicbuildings
Buildingvsstructure
⏹TheGreatWall
⏹TheForbiddenCity
⏹TheUffziPalace
⏹TheSummerPalace
⏹ThePyramid
⏹TheTriumpheArch
⏹TheStonehenge
⏹TheStatueofLiberty
2.系统要建立
◣连接词是加强文章系统性的重要手段
#Firstofall,…
#Inaddition,…
#Whatismore,…
#Otherthanthat,…
#Tocarrytheideafurther,…
#Moreover,…
#Nevertheless,…
#Onthecontrary,…
#Bycontrast,…
Heading
Position
Body
1.Firstofall,/Tobeginwith,/Initially,
2.Whatismore,/Inaddition,/Nevertheless,
3.Atlast,/Finally,
Ending
Tosumup,….
3.核心概念要解释
◣用自己的话解释题目中的核心概念是思考的体现。
◣解释/定义可以不专业/有偏差,只要是原创original就好
!
试试给如下核心概念下定义
—它是什么
#Education
Educationonanylayerservesasanopportunitythroughwhichthehorizonisbroadenedandexpertiseorskillssharpened.
#leader
Leaderonanylayerservesasancatalyst(催化剂)whichcontributestostreamingthecooperationandmaximizingtheefficiency.
Leaderofanytypeservesasagodfather.
Leaderservesasashepherd.
!
Homework:
请简单定义如下核心概念
#challenge
#media
#friends
#government
#TVprograms
#competition
#theadvanceofscienceandtechnology
#Education
4.论证要细节
◣主体论证段(body)内部的基本发展原则是fromgeneraltospecific
*关于internet话题的论证段:
Thereisnopointtoclaimthattheintroductionoftheinternetisharmful.
+
Undermanycircumstances,thepopularizationoftheon-lineservicescontributestoahigherefficiencyinworkandmoreconvenienceinlife.
+
Tobeexact,asimpleclickcanbringuswhateverweneed,rangingfromthecurrentnews,alivetalkwithapartneracrossthePacificOceantoafreshpizza.
!
Homework:
请用2-3个更加具体的词/短语替换下列事物:
#Museum
#PCgames
#collegeeducation
#environmentalprotection
#takingchallenges
#TV
5.文章要完整
◣Ending(总结段)不可不写
(详见篇章规划文档ending部分)
Heading段落规划原则:
------------------无悬念—立场明确
Itisgood,Ithink.Butotherpeoplemaydisagree.Say,sometimesitisgood,sometimesbad.Thatdependsontherealityandpeople’smind.SoitisreallydifficultformetotellyouwhetherIshouldagreeordisagreewiththisopinion.Well,Iwouldliketodiscussmypointofviewfromfollowingparagraphs.
!
Heading写作四原则
☆Straightforward开门见山
!
Position=Questionresponse
--cleartendency倾向明确
--有倾向的agree/disagree
☆题目把握—避免跑题
☆Centralize立场核心化
☆Nodetail/Noexample
独立写作行文篇之
------------------HotkeysforHeading
!
好的开局是成功的一切
★分类—task
☆判断类:
agreeordisagree
Doyouagreeordisagree?
Itisonlyworthwatchingmoviesthatcanteachussomethingaboutreallife.
improvingschoolsisthemostimportantfactorinthesuccessfuldevelopmentofacountry.
Agreeordisagree:
Themostimportantcharacteristicsofagoodpoliticalorbusinessleaderisanabilitytoaccepttheresponsibilityofthemistakes.
workingathomewithacomputerandaphoneisbetterthanworkingatacompany'soffice
Doyouagreeordisagree,一个聪明的朋友比一个幽默的朋友重要
Agreeordisagree做富有挑战性的工作比作简单工作更让人觉得快乐。
Doyouagreeordisagree,itisbetterforstudentsatuniversityorincollegetochoosedifficultclasseseveniftheycannotgettopgrades.
Doyouagreeordisagree?
Itisimportantforfamiliestoregularlyeattheirmealstogether.
Doyouagreeordisagree?
Gradesencouragestudentstolearn
Doyouagreeordisagree,technologymakepeople'slivessimplerinturntomakepeople'slivesmorecomplicated.
Renewableresourcesofenergy(Sun,wind,water)willsoonreplacefossilsfuelssuchasgases,oil,andcoal.Doyouagreeordisagree?
Tosolvetheproblemspresentandfuture,isitnecessarytounderstandthepast?
Agreeordisagree:
thebestwaytotravelisinagroupledbyatourguide.
Doyouagreeordisagree:
peoplespendmoretimeonpersonalenjoymentrather
thanwhattheyshoulddo
Doyouagreewiththefollowingstatement:
nowadayspeoplespendtoomuchtimeonpersonalenjoyment--thingstheyliketodo--ratherthanthethingstheyshoulddo.
因为环境问题是复杂的,所以个人没有什么可以做。
Agreeordisagree:
itismoreimportanttohavetherulesaboutthetypesof
clothingthatpeopleareallowedtoworkandschool.
你是否同意:
如果每年上课11个月以上,学生会得到更有效的教育。
Agreeordisagree,Technologycausechildrenshowlesscreativethantheywere
inpast.
是应该放更多的钱在accessinternet上,而不是publictransportation同意还是不要?
Doyouagreeordisagree:
Governmentsshouldspendmoremoneyinsupportofarts
thaninsupportofathleticssuchasstate-sponsoredOlympicteams
Doyouthinkchildrenshouldplaycomputergames?
精确方案
@凸显主题
Currently,/Incontemporarysociety,(Today,/Nowadays,)
Asisoftenthecase,
Undermanycircumstances,
Inmanycases,
(!
Asisknowntoall,Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…Itisbeyonddoubtthat…)
Itisevidentthat…+X/theissueofX
+
@islargely/widely/greatlyconcerned.
@iswidelydiscussed.
@issomuchconcernedthatithasarousedawidediscussion.
/受关注而引发讨论
@ismuchconcernedtoapointwhereawidediscussionhasbeenaroused/sparked.
@ismuchconcernedatsuchadegreethatawidediscussionhasbeenaroused.
/讨论多而引发思考
@ismuch/widelydiscussedtoapointwhereadeepcontemplationhasbeenaroused.
Tip:
写作高分素材
*so…that…
Theeconomiccrisiswassodestructivethatover98%ofthecompanieswereattheedgeofbankruptcy.
=subj.+v.+adj./ved.+toa/thepointwhere
Theeconomiccrisiswasdestructivetoapointwhereover98%ofthecompanieswereattheedgeofbankruptcy.
=subj.+v.+adj./ved.+atsuchadegreethat…
Theeconomiccrisiswasdestructiveatsuchadegreethat…
@引述观点
against
⏹Somepeoplemaintain/holdthatitis…that…
⏹Someonearguesthat…
⏹Afewpeopleholdtheopinionthat…
⏹Onepointisthat…
⏹Oneperspectiveisthat…
⏹Oneconventionalidea/acceptance/view/notionisthat…
for
Acommonbeliefisthat…
Aprevailingnotion/acceptanceisthat…
Awidelyacceptedviewisthat…
Tip:
题目观点引述2不动原则
1.题目核心名词不动
PCgamesChildren
Videogameskids
2.题目中观点的方向不动
@我的立场
!
Asacoin,everythinghas2sides—thegoodone,andthebadone.
!
程度+态度
程度
*tolargeextent,…
*atlargedegree,…
*onlargescale,
态度
*Iagreewiththisopinion.
Iamonthesideofthisclaim/assumption/assertion
Istandwiththisclaim.
Iwouldnodinagreementwiththisclaim.
Ileantowardthisclaim.
Iaminfavorofthisclaim.
*Idisagreewiththisopinion.
Iamontheoppositesideofthisclaim.
Istandagainstthisclaim.
Iwouldcastdoubtonthisclaim.
Iwouldfrownonthisclaim.
!
Tolargeextent,Iamonthesideofthisclaim.
!
Tolargeextent,Iamontheoppositesideofthisclaim.
!
全局
Currently,theissueofXismuchconcernedtoapointwhereawidediscussionhasbeenaroused.Somepeoplemaintainthat….Tolargeextent,however,Iamontheoppositesideofthisclaim.
方案2
一分钟快捷法:
Sb.hold/maintainthat…
Ireckon/deemthat…
against
Somepeoplemaintainthat…Tolargeextent,however,Iwouldcastdoubtonthisclaimandreckonthatitassumesadistortedandnarrowview.
@…andreckonthatitfailstoberepresentative.
@…andreckonthatitwouldbecounterproductive.
@…andreckonthatitistrappedinadogma.
for
Acommonbeliefisthat……,Tolargeextent.Iaminfavorofthisclai