SIGMUND FREUDFREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS.docx

SIGMUND FREUDFREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS.docx

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SIGMUNDFREUDFREUDIANPSYCHOANALYSIS

SigmundFreud

SIGMUNDFREUD&FREUDIANPSYCHOANALYSIS

ByGregoryMitchell

SigmundFreudwasbornin1856intheCzechRepublic.AfterworkingmuchofhislifeinVienna,heleftin1938toavoidNazipersecution.HemovedtoEnglandwherehediedinHampsteadin1939.

Freud'searlyworkinpsychologyandpsychoanalysisendeavoredtounderstandandcurethehumanmindbymeansofhypnosis.Freud'sinitialexposuretohypnosisinaclinicalsettingwasoverthewinterof1885-1886,whenhestudiedinPariswithJean-MartinCharcot,arenownedFrenchprofessorofneurology.Charcot'sworkcenteredonthecausesofhysteria,adisorderwhichcouldcauseparalysisandextremefits.Hesoondiscoveredthatthesymptomsofhysteriacouldbeinducedinnonhystericsbyhypnoticsuggestionandthatthesymptomsofhystericscouldbealleviatedortransformedbyhypnoticsuggestion.Thisrancontrarytothethen-prevalentbeliefthathysteriahadphysiologicalcauses;itsuggestedthatadeeper,unseenlevelofconsciousnesscouldaffectanindividual'sconsciousconduct.

In1886FreudstartedaclinicalpracticeinneuropsychologyatBerggasse.Heusedthisconsultingroomforalmostfiftyyears.AboutthesametimeFreudbegananotherassociationwithaViennesephysiciannamedJosefBreuer.In1893Breuerhadpresentedapapertitled'StudiesinHysteria.'InessenceBreuerstatedthatforgottentraumas,painfulincidentsthathadleftapsychologicalscar,wereresponsibleforwhatwasatthattimecalledhysteria.Itwas,Breuerwrote,theundischargedemotionalenergyassociatedwiththeseforgottentraumasthatweretherootcauseofhysteria.Usinghypnotictechniques,Breuerhelpedsomepatientstore-enact,andthusrecall,theoriginaltraumaticincident,andintegrateitintolong-termmemory.Indoingsotheemotionalchargewasreleased.Thisemotionallyintensetransferofamemoryfromtheunconscioustotheconsciousisknownascatharsisorabreaction-aneffectivemethodwhichseemstocorroborateFreud'stheoriesontheunconsciousmind.

Freudadoptedthispracticeatfirstbutitwasnotuntilhebeganallowinghispatientstofreelyassociateideaswithwhatevercametomind,thathereallyexploredspontaneousabreaction.Heabandonedhypnosisinfavorofconsciouspsychoanalysis,firstwiththetechniqueoffreeassociation,theneventuallywithhiswell-knowntechniqueofobservational,couch-basedpsychoanalysis.

Freudhimselfsufferedboutsofdeepanxiety,anditwaspartlythisthatledhimtoexploretheconnectionbetweenassociationofideasanddreams.Freudnoticedthatpatientswouldoftenfindaconnectionbetweenthedirectionoftheirassociationsandadreamtheyhadexperienced.Heaidedhispatientstouncoverandfollowbothobviousandhiddenassociationsandemotionsconnectedwiththedreamoccurrences.Freudwasabletomakethebreakthroughintoseeingtheconnectionswithsexualfeelings,withearlychildhoodtrauma,andwiththesubtletiesofthehumanpsyche.

ForFreud,dreamsweretheroyalroadtotheunconscious.Hebegantoanalyzedreamsinordertounderstandaspectsofpersonalityastheyrelatetopathology. Hebelievedthatbehaviorwasnotachanceoccurrence;everyactionandthoughtismotivatedbytheunconscious atsomelevel.In ordertoliveinacivilizedsociety,peoplehaveatendencytohold back theirurgesandrepresstheirimpulses.However,theseurgesandimpulsesmustbereleasedinsomeway;theyhaveawayofcomingtothesurfaceindisguisedform:

onewaytheyarereleasedisthroughdreams.Freuddiscoveredthattheelementsinasubject'sdreamtendtobeparticularlyclosetorepressedunconsciouscontentandthatfreeassociationsstartingfromthosedreamelementsquicklyencountertopicscausingemotionalarousalastheunconsciousisstimulated,followedbyresistancetothosefeelings.HerevolutionizedthestudyofdreamswithhisworkTheInterpretationOfDreams.

Whileofuniquehistoricalinterest,manyofFreud'sideashavefallenoutoffavororhavebeenmodifiedbyNeo-Freudians,althoughatthecloseofthe20thcentury,advancesinthefieldofneurologybegantoshowevidenceformanyofhistheories,andthetheoryofEgodefensemechanismshasreceivedempiricalvalidation.Freud'smethodsandideasremainimportantinclinicalpsychodynamicapproaches.

RecentexperimentsindicatethataGSRMeterwillrespondtocertainitems（people,things,situations,statements）inaperson'sdreams,indicatingtheseareemotionallycharged,eventhoughthepersonmaynotnormallybeconsciousofsuchareaction.ThisprovidessomevalidationofFreud'sideasondreaminterpretation.Jung'sfirstcontactwithFreudwastosendhimacopyofhisworkonwordassociationusingaprimitivepsychogalvanometer.

Note:

Inalargerhistoricalcontext,FreudrespondedtotheriseofirrationalpoliticalforcesinEuropethatappealedtounconscious,uncontrolled,andultimatelydestructivementalforcesthateventuallydominatedthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyinEurope.Freudwishedtodeviseamethodthatwouldbringtheunconsciousunderthecontroloftherationalconscious.Othertrendswithindepthpsychology,art,andpoliticssoughtquiteonthecontrarytoreleasetheunconsciouspowers,dreams,andnightmaresandallowthemtodominatetheconscious.

Asaresultofhisclinicalexperience,Freuddevelopedamodelofthehumanpersonalitywhichhasstoodthetestoftime.ManyofthetermsFreudintroduced,suchasEgo,Superego,theIdandtheUnconsciousarethereforestillusedincontemporarypsychology.MindDevelopmentusesmanyofthesetermstodescribepersonalitystructures,hencethefollowingpaper.

Freud'sbasicconceptwasaconstructofthehumanpsycheasanorderlyprogressionthroughthedevelopmentalstagesofchildhoodtofinalmaturationinadultlife.

Asapracticingneurologist,hewasmuchinvolvedwiththe'hysteric'typesprevalentinViennesesocietyatthattime,theturnofthecentury.Hisscientifictraining,backedupbypenetratinginsightandgenius,compelledhimtoseekcausesandtohim,mentaldisturbancesseemedtohavetheirrootsinearlychildhoodincidents.InFreud'sday,EuropeansocietywasstillsmartingfrombeingtoppledfromitsthroneatthecenteroftheuniversebyCopernicusandDarwin.NowFreudwasimplyingthatMan'sgodlikeintellectwas"nomoredesignedtodiscoveringtruththanaPig'ssnout"（HGWells）.Freud'sassaultupontheinnocenceofchildhoodcausedafurorewhichhasnotdieddowneventoday.

TheStructureofthePersonality

Freud'sorientationwasbiological,anaturalresultofhismedicaltrainingandoftheperiodinwhichhebeganhiswork.Hisconceptionoftheindividualwasasareservoirofdynamicenergy,continuouslyseekingameansofdischargeandinturncontinuouslyneedingreplenishment.ThisveritablestorehouseofenergyhecalledtheLibido,thegeneticallyinherentenergyempoweringthelifeinstinct.Theinstinctualdrivetowardssurvivalandreplacementofenergyrequirestranslationintomorespecifictermssuchas'food,love,security'etc.

Instinctsdriveanddirectbehavior,thegoalofwhichisthesatisfactionofneedsderivedfromtheinstincts.Needscreatetension,andbehaviorisdirectedtowardsreductionofthistension.ThisconceptofneedsiscalledthePleasurePrinciple,theattempttokeepexcitationortensionaslowaspossible.Inpracticethisisthedesireforimmediategratification.FreudascribedtheappropriatedirectionalfunctioningtowhathetermedtheId,whichincludedothergeneticallyinherentfeatures,suchastheimpulsetoloveandtoseekgratification.TheIdstrivestobringaboutthesatisfactionofinstinctualneedsonthebasisofthepleasureprinciple.TheIdrepresentstheinnerworldthathasnoknowledgeofobjectivereality.Itspsychicprocessesareprimaryprocesses-undirectedattemptsatimmediatesatisfaction.Itisnotgovernedbylogic;itcontainscontradictoryyetco-existentimpulses.Itistheindividual'sprimarysubjectiverealityattheunconsciouslevel.

TheIdcandonomorethanformulateanecessity,sotheEgoisinvoked.ItdevelopsfromtheIdbecauseoftheorganism'sneedtocopewithexternalrealityforthesatisfactionofitsinstinctualrequirements.FreuddescribedtheEgoasaregulatingagentandanintermediary,registeringdemandsandmeetingrequirements,whichinturnnecessitatescoordinationwiththeenvironment-theworldofreality.Althoughitseekspleasureandtheavoidanceofpain,theEgoisundertheinfluenceoftheRealityPrinciple,whichisthedelayofimmediategratificationinrecognitionofsocialrequirementsorhigherneeds.Itoperatesbymeansofsecondaryprocesses-perception,problemsolving,andrepression-thatis,realistic,logicalthinkingandrealitytesting.

Thepleasureprincipledrivesonetoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain.However,asonematures,onelearnstobereasonableaboutthisbecauseoftheexigenciesandobstaclesofreality,whichneedtobetakenaccountoftobeabletoobtainpleasureinthelongerterm.Aninner-directedpersontakesanobjectiveandrationalaccountofrealitytofulfilltheneedsoflife（seeMaslow）,workingtowardahighergoalofindividuationthroughself-actualization.

Note:

fromtheviewpointofMindDevelopment,theEgomayberegardedastheconsciousidentitycurrentlymanifestedbytheBeing:

theEgoisalwayssmallerthantheSelf,i.e.thecompletepersonalitycomprisingId,EgoandSuperego,whichisitselfasub-setofthetranspersonalorHigherSelf.

TheEgoisamatureadultfunction,butuntiltheEgoisfullydeveloped,themultifarioussafetyandacceptancedemandsofthe