外文及中文翻译.docx

外文及中文翻译.docx

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外文及中文翻译

外文文献:

EnterpriseResourcePlanning

EnterpriseResourcePlanningsystemsintegratealldataandprocessesofanorganizationintoaunifiedsystem.AtypicalERPsystemwillusemultiplecomponentsofcomputersoftwareandhardwaretoachievetheintegrationAkeyingredientofmostERPsystemsistheuseofaunifieddatabasetostoredataforthevarioussystemmodules.

Originoftheterm

ThetermERPoriginallyimpliedsystemsdesignedtoplantheuseofenterprise-wideresources.AlthoughtheinitialismERPoriginatedinthemanufacturingenvironment,today'suseofthetermERPsystemshasmuchbroaderscope.ERPsystemstypicallyattempttocoverallbasicfunctionsofanorganization,regardlessoftheorganization'sbusinessorcharter.Business,non-profitorganizations,nongovernmentalorganizations,governments,andotherlargeentitiesutilizeERPsystems.Additionally,tobeconsideredanERPsystem,asoftwarepackagegenerallywouldonlyneedtoprovidefunctionalityinasinglepackagethatwouldnormallybecoveredbytwoormoresystems.Technically,asoftwarepackagethatprovidesbothpayrollandaccountingfunctionswouldbeconsideredanERPsoftwarepackage.However,thetermistypicallyreservedforlarger,morebroadlybasedapplications.TheintroductionofanERPsystemtoreplacetwoormoreindependentapplicationseliminatestheneedforexternalinterfacespreviouslyrequiredbetweensystems,andprovidesadditionalbenefitsthatrangefromstandardizationandlowermaintenance（onesysteminsteadoftwoormore）toeasierand/orgreaterreportingcapabilities（asalldataistypicallykeptinonedatabase）.ExamplesofmodulesinanERPwhichformerlywouldhavebeenstand-aloneapplicationsinclude:

Manufacturing,SupplyChain,Financials,CustomerRelationshipManagement（CRM）,HumanResources,WarehouseManagementandDecisionSupportSystem

Overview

Someorganizations-typicallythosewithsufficientin-houseITskillstointegratemultiplesoftwareproducts-choosetoimplementonlyportionsofanERPsystemanddevelopanexternalinterfacetootherERPorstand-alonesystemsfortheirotherapplicationneeds.Forinstance,thePeopleSoftHRMSandFinancialssystemsmaybeperceivedtobebetterthanSAP'sHRMSsolution.Andlikewise,somemayperceiveSAP'smanufacturingandCRMsystemsasbetterthanPeopleSoft'sequivalents.InthiscasetheseorganizationsmayjustifythepurchaseofanERPsystem,butchoosetopurchasethePeopleSoftHRMSandFinancialsmodulesfromOracle,andtheirremainingapplicationsfromSAP.Thisisverycommonintheretailsector,whereevenamid-sizedretailerwillhaveadiscretePoint-of-Sale（POS）productandfinancialsapplication,thenaseriesofspecialisedapplicationstohandlebusinessrequirementssuchaswarehousemanagement,staffrostering,merchandisingandlogistics.Ideally,ERPdeliversasingledatabasethatcontainsalldataforthesoftwaremodules,whichwouldinclude:

Manufacturing

Engineering,BillsofMaterial,Scheduling,Capacity,WorkflowManagement,QualityControl,CostManagement,ManufacturingProcess,ManufacturingProjects,ManufacturingFlow

SupplyChainManagement

Inventory,OrderEntry,Purchasing,ProductConfigurator,SupplyChainPlanning,SupplierScheduling,Inspectionofgoods,ClaimProcessing,CommissionCalculation

Financials

GeneralLedger,CashManagement,AccountsPayable,AccountsReceivable,FixedAssets

Projects

Costing,Billing,TimeandExpense,ActivityManagement

Humanressources

HumanResources,Payroll,Training,Time&Attendance,Benefits

Datewarehouse

andvariousSelf-ServiceinterfacesforCustomers,Suppliers,andEmployeesEnterpriseResourcePlanningisatermoriginallyderivedfrommanufacturingresourceplanningthatfollowedmaterialrequirementsplanning（MRP）.MRPevolvedintoERPwhen"routings"becamemajorpartofthesoftwarearchitectureandacompany'scapacityplanningactivityalsobecameapartofthestandardsoftwareactivity.ERPsystemstypicallyhandletheforacompany.EnterpriseResourcePlanningorERPsoftwarecanaidinthecontrolofmanybusinessactivities,likesales,marketing,delivery,billing,production,inventorymanagement,qualitymanagement,andhumanresourcemanagement.ERPsareoftenincorrectlycalledbackofficesystemsindicatingthatcustomersandthegeneralpublicarenotdirectlyinvolved.Thisiscontrastedwithfrontofficesystemslikecustomerrelationshipmanagement（CRM）systemsthatdealdirectlywiththecustomers,ortheeBusinesssystemssuchaseCommerce,eGovernment,eTelecom,andeFinance,orsupplierrelationshipmanagement（SRM）systems.

ERPsarecross-functionalandenterprisewide.Allfunctionaldepartmentsthatareinvolvedinoperationsorproductionareintegratedinonesystem.Inadditiontomanufacturing,warehousing,logistics,andInformationTechnology,thiswouldincludeaccounting,humanresources,marketing,andstrategicmanagement

Implementation

Becauseoftheirwidescopeofapplicationwithinabusiness,ERPsoftwaresystemsaretypicallycomplexandusuallyimposesignificantchangesonstaffworkpractices.ImplementingERPsoftwareistypicallynotan"in-house"skill,soevensmallerprojectsaremorecosteffectiveifspecialistERPimplementationconsultantsareemployed.ThelengthoftimetoimplementanERPsystemdependsonthesizeofthebusiness,thescopeofthechangeandwillingnessofthecustomertotakeownershipfortheproject.Asmallproject（e.g.,acompanyoflessthan100staff）maybeplannedanddeliveredwithin3months;however,alarge,multi-siteormulti-countryimplementationmaytakeyears.

ThemostimportantaspectofanyERPimplementationisthatthecompanywhohaspurchasedtheERPproducttakesownershipoftheproject.

ToimplementERPsystems,companiesoftenseekthehelpofanERPvendororofthird-partyconsultingcompanies.Thesefirmstypicallyprovidethreeareasofprofessionalservices:

Consulting,CustomizationandSupport.

ConsultingServices

TheConsultingteamistypicallyresponsibleforyourinitialERPimplementationandsubsequentdeliveryofworktotailorthesystembeyond"golive".Typicallysuchtailoringincludesadditionalproducttraining;creationofprocesstriggersandworkflow;specialistadvicetoimprovehowtheERPisusedinthebusiness;systemoptimization;andassistancewritingreports,complexdataextractsorimplementingBusinessIntelligence.

Theconsultingteamarealsoresponsibleforplanningandjointlytestingtheimplementation.Thisisacriticalpartoftheproject,andonethatisoftenoverlooked.

ConsultingforalargeERPprojectinvolvesthreelevels:

systemsarchitecture,businessprocessconsulting（primarilyre-engineering）andtechnicalconsulting（primarilyprogrammingandtoolconfigurationactivity）.Asystemsarchitectdesignstheoveralldataflowfortheenterpriseincludingthefuturedataflowplan.Abusinessconsultantstudiesanorganization'scurrentbusinessprocessesandmatchesthemtothecorrespondingprocessesintheERPsystem,thus'configuring'theERPsystemtotheorganization'sneeds.Technicalconsultingofteninvolvesprogramming.MostERPvendorsallowmodificationoftheirsoftwaretosuitthebusinessneedsoftheircustomer.

Formostmid-sizedcompanies,thecostoftheimplementationwillrangefromaroundthelistpriceoftheERPuserlicensestouptotwicethisamount（dependingonthelevelofcustomizationrequired）.Largecompanies,andespeciallythosewithmultiplesitesorcountries,willoftenspendconsiderablymoreontheimplementationthanthecostoftheuserlicenses--threetofivetimesmoreisnotuncommonforamulti-siteimplementation.

CustomizationServices

Customizationistheprocessofextendingorchanginghowthesystemworksbywritingnewuserinterfacesandunderlyingapplicationcode.SuchcustomisationstypicallyreflectlocalworkpracticesthatarenotcurrentlyinthecoreroutinesoftheERPsystemsoftware.

Examplesofsuchcodeincludeearlyadopterfeatures（e.g.,mobilityinterfaceswereuncommonafewyearsagoandweretypicallycustomised）orinterfacingtothirdpartyapplications（thisis'breadandbutter'customizationforlargerimplementationsastherearetypicallydozensofancillarysystemsthatthecoreERPsoftwarehastointeractwith）.TheProfessionalServicesteamisalsoinvolvedduringERPupgradestoensurethatcustomisationsarecompatiblewiththenewrelease.InsomecasesthefunctionalitydeliveredviaapreviouscustomizationmayhavebeensubsequentlyincorporatedintothecoreroutinesoftheERPsoftware,allowingcustomerstorevertbacktostandardproductandretirethecustomizationcompletely.

CustomizinganERPpackagecanbeveryexpensiveandcomplicated,becausemanyERPpackagesarenotdesignedtosupportcustomization,somostbusinessesimplementthebestpracticesembeddedintheacquiredERPsystem.SomeERPpackagesareverygenericintheirreportsandinquiries,suchthatcustomizationisexpectedineveryimplementation.Itisimportanttorecognizethatforthesepackagesitoftenmakessensetobuythirdpartyplug-insthatinterfacewellwithyourERPsoftwareratherthanreinventingthewheel.

Customizationworkisusuallyundertakenasbespokesoftwaredevelopmentonatimeandmaterialsbasis.Becauseofthespecialistnatureofthecustomizationandthe'oneoff'aspectofthework,itiscommontopayintheorderof$200perhourforthiswork.Also,inmanycasestheworkdeliveredascustomizationisnotcoveredbytheERPvendorsMaintenanceAgreement,sowhilethereistypicallya90-daywarrantyagainstsoftwarefaultsinthecustomcode,thereisnoobligationontheERPvendortowarrantthatthecodeworkswiththene