应用文类型及其写作方法.docx

应用文类型及其写作方法.docx

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应用文类型及其写作方法

Waysofdevelopingparagraphs:

Developmentbytime

Developmentbyprocess

DevelopmentbySpace

DevelopmentbyExampleandgeneralization

Developmentbycomparisonandcontrast

Developmentbycauseandeffect

Developmentbyclassification

Developmentbydefinition

Developmentbyacombinationofmethods

1.Developmentbytime

Intellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime:

earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings,thefirstthingsfirstandthelastthinglast.

Example:

MyheartgavealeapwhenIheardtheannouncementthatourtrainwouldsoonarriveatitsdestination–Beijing.Likeotherpassengers,Ibegantocollectmythingsandputmymug,towel,atlas,apples,andotherthingsintomybag.Tothetuneofabeautifulsongthetrainpulledintothestationandgentlystoppedbyaplatform.Iwalkedoutofthetrainandwascarriedforwardbythestreamofpeopleintoanundergroundpassageandthenintoabighall.AsIsteppedoutofthestation,IwasdazzledbythebrightautumnshiesofBeijing.ThoughIhadbeenonthetrainformorethanthirtyhoursandspentansleeplessnight,Ididn’tfeeltiredatall,andIbelievedmydaysinBeijingwouldbeassunnyastheskies.

2.Developmentbyprocess

Whenwehavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by–stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.

Example:

Itisnecessaryforapersontoknowhowtopostaparcel,sincealmosteveryonehasrelativesandfriendslivingfarawayandhemayliketosendthemsomething.Differentobjectsarepackedindifferentways.Thingslikebottleofmedicineandwatchesshouldbeputintowoodenboxestoavoidbreakage.Afteryouhavepackedtheobjects,putdownyouraddressandthatoftheaddresseeonthewrapping.Givetheparceltothepostalclerkforhimtocheck.Hewillthengiveyouafirmtofillin.Havingfilledintheform,yougiveittogetherwiththeparceltotheclerk.Hewillweightheparcelandtellyouhowmuchyoushouldpay.Youpaythemoneyandgetreceipt.BEsuretokeepyourreceiptuntilyouaresurethattheaddresseehasreceivedtheparcel.Ifanythingwrongshouldhappentoyourparcel,youcanshowthereceipttotheclerkandasktobereimbursed.

3.DevelopmentbySpace

Beforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeoutdescriptionaccordingly.

Example:

Mr.Cook,arenownedAmericanhistorian,arrangesthebooksonhisbookshelvesinauniqueway.Intheupperrighthandcorner,therearebooksaboutthedevelopmentiftheearlycoloniesinNewEnglandandtheWarofIndependence.Rightunderthemcanbefoundbooksontheslavetrade,theplantationsystemandthegrowthofthesouthernstates.TheleftsideoftheshelfcontainshundredsofbooksconcerningsubjectsoftheWestwardMovement,Indianculture,thecowboys’contributionstoAmericansocietyandtheGoldRushinCalifornia.Fromthedescriptionabove,onecanseeethatMr.CookregardshisbookshelvesasamapoftheU.S.andarrangeshishistorybooksaccordingly.Itisodd,butitisconvenient.

4.DevelopmentbyExampleandgeneralization

Supportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable,orconvincing.

Example:

Thistermseveralusefulandinterestingcourseshadebeenoffered.AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture,forinstance,givesusalotofbackgroundknowledgeofthehistoryofEuropeanphilosophy,literature,andarts.Fromtimetotimeweseeslideshowsoffamouspaintingsandheartapesoffamouspiecesofmusic,andtheymakethelecturesallthemoreinteresting.AmericanSocietyandCultureisanothercoursethatattractsalargeaudience.Theteacher,whovisitedtheUnitedStatesnotlongago,discussesnewtrendsandchangesinAmericanlifeaswellasAmericanhistoryandtraditions.Weliketheseandothercoursesverymuch,becausetheyhelpusnotonlytoimproveourEnglishbutbroadenourvision.

Thefollowingparagraph,whichismainlydescriptive,containsmanydetails.Itstartswithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern.

Example:

Mylittleniece,aten-month-oldbaby,isthemostlovelychildIhaveevenseen.Herfaceislikearedappleandhereyesarelikebrightstars.Whenyoucarryherinyourarms,shelikestoputherarmsaroundyourneck.Allthegrownupsinthefamilyloveherverymuchandoftentrytomakehersmile.Butquiteoftenitisshewhomakesuslaugh.OnceIwinkedatherandshesmiled.WhenIdiditagain,shewatchedmeattentively.Thenshetriedtoimitate.Whileweclosedoneeyetowink,shehadtoclosebotheyesatthesametime,andthenquicklyopenedthemagain.Andthatwasherwaytowink.Weallburstintolaughter.Whenwelookedatheragain,shewasstaringatus,puzzled,asifshewasasking:

“Whatareyoulaughingat?

”

5.Developmentbycomparisonandcontrast

6.Developmentbycauseandeffect

7.Developmentbyclassification

8.Developmentbydefinition

9.Developmentbyacombinationofmethods

应用文类型及其写作方法

第一节段首句作文

一、写作要求

段首句作文是四级考试中常见的一种题型。

通常分两种：

一种是段首句点明每段的主题，这种段首句被称为主题句；另一种是段首句作为开场白，引出文章的思路，这种段首句被称为提示句。

不管是何种，段首句作文都属于控制性作文的范畴。

一般要求考生写三段，每段都给出段首句，要求根据段首句来补充和扩写，使之成为一个完整的段落。

因此，续写的文字必须与段首句在意义上连成一体，形式上互为统一，否则旧有扣题不紧，偏离主题之嫌。

因此，写作时应注意以下两点：

1．认真审题，抓住段首句的中心思想以及所限定的范围，也就是围绕主导思想展开段落，以免扩充的材料偏离方向。

2．段落之间的过度要自然，前后要照应，句子之间的衔接要自然、流畅，以便达到结构上的连贯。

二、范文点评

[范文一]

题目：

WhatdoyouthinkofComputerNetwork?

Computernetworkplaysanimportantroleinourlife.

However,computernetworkcancreatesomeproblems,too.

Thereisnodoubtthatcomputernetworkcontributesgreatlyinourlife.

[写作步骤]

（1）分析

题目：

如何看待计算机网络

题型：

段首句作文（不能偏离段首句暗示的范围）

（2）根据各段首句主导思想，列出提纲：

A:

theimportantroleinlife

a.bringingconveniencetotheschool

b.bringingconvenienceathome

c.bringingconvenienceintheoffice

B:

someproblems

a.valuelessinformation

b.virus

C:

contributions

（3）将提纲扩充成文：

Whatdoyouthinkofcomputernetwork?

Computernetworkplaysanimportantroleinourlife.Somethinglike“informationexpressway”,theInternetbringsmanyconveniencesintoschool,homesandoffices.Collegestudentscantrackdownthelibrarycatalogue,andcanevenuseittofinishtheirpapers.Housewivescandoshoppingandpaymoneywithoutleavingtheirhomes.Businessmencansignacontractandmanagementscangiveanorderthroughtheelectronicmedia.Menandwomencanhaveaconversationwithpeoplebysendingandreceivingelectronicmails.Withacomputerandmodernanypersoncancallupinformationthroughouttheworld.

However,computernetworkcancreatesomeproblems,too.Sometimes,ittakespeoplemuchtimetosortoutthejunkmails.Ifthenetworkisseparatedorinfectedbyvirus,valuableinformationmayberevealedorevenlost.Therefore,thesafetyoftheInternetbecomesagrowingpublicconcernnowadays.

Despitetheproblemsexistinginthecomputernetwork,onethingiscertain:

ithascontributedandwillcontributegreatlytopeople’swayofthinkingandliving.Thereisnodoubtthatcomputernetworkcontributesgreatlyinourlife.

[范文二]

题目：

EnergyCrisis

Theenergycrisisisthreateningmankind’ssurvival.

Energyisofgreatimportanttoman.

Wemustuseeng.everywhereinourlife.

Therefore,

[写作步骤]

（1）分析

题目：

能源危机

题型：

段首句作文（第三句只是提示句）

（2）列出提纲：

A:

能源消耗，人口增长，能源越来越少

B:

没有能源，人类将失去现代的生活

C:

采取措施，合理利用、节约能源，并开发新能源

（3）扩充成文：

EnergyCrisis

Today,theenergycrisisisthreateningmankind’ssurvival.Foronething,withthedevelopmentofindustryandagriculture,theworldhasconsumedagreatdealofenergy.Energysuppliersarebecomingfewerandfewer,andsomeofthemhaveevengoneforever.Foranother,theworldpopulationhasbeenincreasingatafantasticspeed,whichmakesthesituationevenmoreserious.

Energyisofgreatimportanttoman.Iftherewerenoenergy,wewouldloseourcolorfulmodernlife.Wewouldhavetogiveupcarsandtrainsandtravelbyhorse-drawncarriages.Theinformationstoredinourcomputerswouldalldisappear.Inaword,wewouldn’tbeabletoexistintheworldoncewelosealltheenergyresources.

Therefore,weshouldtakeactivemeasurestoprotectorenergyresources:

weshouldletpeopleknowtheimportanceofsavingenergyanduseourenergyreasonably.Andwhatismore,weshouldmakeeffortstodevelopnewenergyresources,suchassolarenergy,thermalenergyandsoon.

练习：

1.Title:

Lifelonglearning

（1）Inaworldwhereknowledgeandinformationaregrowingatanexplosivepace,______

_____________________________________________________________.

（2）Onewaytolearnislearninghowtolearn.____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

（3）Anotherapproachtolearnistoattemptsomethingchallenging.___________________

_____________________________________________________________.

1.LifelongLearning

Inaworldwhereknowledgeandinformationaregrowingatanexplosivepace,thereisformallearningprocedurethatcanpossiblykeepup.Ifyouarenotcontinuallyupdatingyourknowledge,youwillbeleftfarbehind.Herearewaystohaveyourlifelonglearning.

Onewaytolearnislearninghowtolearn.Withtherapidadvanceinscienceandtechnology,informationquicklybecomesoutofd