应用文类型及其写作方法.docx

1、应用文类型及其写作方法Ways of developing paragraphs:Development by timeDevelopment by processDevelopment by SpaceDevelopment by Example and generalizationDevelopment by comparison and contrastDevelopment by cause and effectDevelopment by classificationDevelopment by definitionDevelopment by a combination of me

2、thods1. Development by timeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first things first and the last thing last.Example: My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that

3、 our train would soon arrive at its destination Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the tra

4、in and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn shies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent an sleepless night, I didnt feel tired at

5、 all, and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies. 2. Development by process When we have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they a

6、re carried out is most important.Example:It is necessary for a person to know how to post a parcel, since almost everyone has relatives and friends living far away and he may like to send them something. Different objects are packed in different ways. Things like bottle of medicine and watches shoul

7、d be put into wooden boxes to avoid breakage. After you have packed the objects, put down your address and that of the addressee on the wrapping. Give the parcel to the postal clerk for him to check. He will then give you a firm to fill in. Having filled in the form, you give it together with the pa

8、rcel to the clerk. He will weigh the parcel and tell you how much you should pay. You pay the money and get receipt. BE sure to keep your receipt until you are sure that the addressee has received the parcel. If anything wrong should happen to your parcel, you can show the receipt to the clerk and a

9、sk to be reimbursed. 3. Development by Space Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange out descriptio

10、n accordingly.Example:Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the upper right hand corner, there are books about the development if the early colonies in New England and the War of Independence. Right under them can be found books on the sla

11、ve trade, the plantation system and the growth of the southern states. The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement, Indian culture, the cowboys contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in California. From the description above, one ca

12、n see e that Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U. S. and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd, but it is convenient.4. Development by Example and generalization Supporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to under

13、stand. Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable, or convincing.Example:This term several useful and interesting courses had e been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of Europ

14、ean philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the Un

15、ited States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but broaden our vision. The following paragraph, which is mainly descriptive, contai

16、ns many details. It starts with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. This is the general-to-specific pattern.Example:My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the most lovely child I have even seen. Her face is like a red apple and her eyes are like bright stars

17、. When you carry her in your arms, she likes to put her arms around your neck. All the grownups in the family love her very much and often try to make her smile. But quite often it is she who makes us laugh. Once I winked at her and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched me attentively. Then s

18、he tried to imitate. While we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both eyes at the same time, and then quickly opened them again. And that was her way to wink. We all burst into laughter. When we looked at her again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she was asking: “What are you laughing a

19、t?”5. Development by comparison and contrast6. Development by cause and effect7. Development by classification8. Development by definition9. Development by a combination of methods应用文类型及其写作方法第一节 段首句作文一、 写作要求段首句作文是四级考试中常见的一种题型。通常分两种：一种是段首句点明每段的主题，这种段首句被称为主题句；另一种是段首句作为开场白，引出文章的思路，这种段首句被称为提示句。不管是何种，段首句

20、作文都属于控制性作文的范畴。一般要求考生写三段，每段都给出段首句，要求根据段首句来补充和扩写， 使之成为一个完整的段落。因此，续写的文字必须与段首句在意义上连成一体，形式上互为统一，否则旧有扣题不紧，偏离主题之嫌。因此，写作时应注意以下两点：1 认真审题，抓住段首句的中心思想以及所限定的范围，也就是围绕主导思想展开段落，以免扩充的材料偏离方向。2 段落之间的过度要自然，前后要照应，句子之间的衔接要自然、流畅，以便达到结构上的连贯。二、 范文点评范文一题目：What do you think of Computer Network?Computer network plays an import

21、ant role in our life. However, computer network can create some problems, too.There is no doubt that computer network contributes greatly in our life.写作步骤（1） 分析题目：如何看待计算机网络题型：段首句作文（不能偏离段首句暗示的范围）（2） 根据各段首句主导思想，列出提纲：A: the important role in life a. bringing convenience to the school b. bringing conven

22、ience at home c. bringing convenience in the officeB: some problemsa. valueless informationb. virus C: contributions（3） 将提纲扩充成文：What do you think of computer network?Computer network plays an important role in our life. Something like “information expressway”, the Internet brings many conveniences i

23、nto school, homes and offices. College students can track down the library catalogue, and can even use it to finish their papers. Housewives can do shopping and pay money without leaving their homes. Businessmen can sign a contract and managements can give an order through the electronic media. Men

24、and women can have a conversation with people by sending and receiving electronic mails. With a computer and modern any person can call up information throughout the world.However, computer network can create some problems, too. Sometimes, it takes people much time to sort out the junk mails. If the

25、 network is separated or infected by virus, valuable information may be revealed or even lost. Therefore, the safety of the Internet becomes a growing public concern nowadays.Despite the problems existing in the computer network, one thing is certain: it has contributed and will contribute greatly t

26、o peoples way of thinking and living. There is no doubt that computer network contributes greatly in our life.范文二题目：Energy CrisisThe energy crisis is threatening mankinds survival.Energy is of great important to man. We must use eng. everywhere in our life. Therefore, 写作步骤（1）分析题目：能源危机题型：段首句作文（第三句只是提

27、示句）（2）列出提纲： A: 能源消耗，人口增长，能源越来越少 B: 没有能源，人类将失去现代的生活 C: 采取措施，合理利用、节约能源，并开发新能源（3）扩充成文：Energy CrisisToday, the energy crisis is threatening mankinds survival. For one thing, with the development of industry and agriculture, the world has consumed a great deal of energy. Energy suppliers are becoming few

28、er and fewer, and some of them have even gone forever. For another, the world population has been increasing at a fantastic speed, which makes the situation even more serious.Energy is of great important to man. If there were no energy, we would lose our colorful modern life. We would have to give u

29、p cars and trains and travel by horse-drawn carriages. The information stored in our computers would all disappear. In a word, we wouldnt be able to exist in the world once we lose all the energy resources.Therefore, we should take active measures to protect or energy resources: we should let people

30、 know the importance of saving energy and use our energy reasonably. And what is more, we should make efforts to develop new energy resources, such as solar energy, thermal energy and so on.练习：1. Title: Lifelong learning (1) In a world where knowledge and information are growing at an explosive pace

31、, _ _. (2) One way to learn is learning how to learn. _ _. (3) Another approach to learn is to attempt something challenging. _ _.1. Lifelong LearningIn a world where knowledge and information are growing at an explosive pace, there is formal learning procedure that can possibly keep up. If you are not continually updating your knowledge, you will be left far behind. Here are ways to have your lifelong learning.One way to learn is learning how to learn. With the rapid advance in science and technology, information quickly becomes out of d