语言学17.docx

上传人:b****5 文档编号:8569692 上传时间:2023-01-31 格式:DOCX 页数:61 大小:212.79KB
下载 相关 举报
语言学17.docx_第1页
第1页 / 共61页
语言学17.docx_第2页
第2页 / 共61页
语言学17.docx_第3页
第3页 / 共61页
语言学17.docx_第4页
第4页 / 共61页
语言学17.docx_第5页
第5页 / 共61页
点击查看更多>>
下载资源
资源描述

语言学17.docx

《语言学17.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学17.docx(61页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。

语言学17.docx

语言学17

1.1IntroductiontoLinguistics

●WhatisLinguistics?

Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

ØItisamajorbranchofsocialscience.

ØLinguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety,butthelanguageofallhumansocieties---languageingeneral.

ØLinguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesareconstructedandoperateasasystemofcommunicationinthesocietiesinwhichtheyareused.

Linguisticsisguidedbyseveralacknowledgedprinciples:

●empiricism(Linguisticsisempiricalratherthanspeculativeorintuitive.)

●objectivity

●systematicity

●exhaustiveness

●consistency

●economy

ScopeofLinguistics

1.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):

2.Macrolinguistics(ApplicationofLinguistics)

3.Otherclassificationsoflinguistics

1.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):

1Phonetics(语音学)

2Phonology(音系学)

3Morphology(形态学/词形学)

4Syntax(句法学)

5Semantics(语义学)

6Pragmatics(语用学)

2.Macrolinguistics(ApplicationofLinguistics)

1Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)

2Psycholinguistics(心理语言学)

3Corpuslinguistics(语料库语言学)

4Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)

5Stylisticlinguistics(stylistics)(文体学/语体学)

6Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)

7……

3.OtherClassificationsofLinguistics(linguisticschools)

1Functionallinguistics(功能语言学)

2Structurallinguistics(结构语言学)

3Chomskyanlinguistics(乔姆斯基语言学)

4Hallidayanlinguistics(韩礼德语言学)

5……

HistoryofLinguistics

5thcenturyBC,AncientGreeksbegantostudylanguage

Ancient(Plato),wordorigin&wordclassofGreek

15thcentury,universalgrammar

(Europeencounteredotherlanguageswhichforcedscholarstolookforauniversalgrammar.)

18thcentury,thesimilaritiesofsomelanguages

(1786,SirWilliamJones,thehistoricalkinshipofSanskritwithLain,GreekandtheGermaniclanguages.)

19thcentury,historicalcomparisonofdifferentlanguages

early20thcentury,modernlinguistics

(1916,F.deSaussure,CourseinGenerallinguistics)

Thehistoricaldevelopmentoflinguistics

●-Philology(语文学)(5thcenBC—18thcen)

●-Historical(comparative)linguistics(early19thcen)

●-Modern(synchronic)linguistics(1916---)

(CourseinGeneralLinguistics,Ferdinandde.Saussure)

F.deSaussure(1857-1913)索绪尔

Biography

●1857年生于瑞士日内瓦的一个学者家庭。

●1875年进入日内瓦大学,主修化学和物理。

●1876年转入德国莱比锡大学文学系,主攻历史语言学。

●1878年发表《论印欧语元音的原始系统》,轰动语言界。

●1878年赴柏林大学学习18个月。

●1880年获莱比锡大学博士学位,论文《梵语绝对属格的用法》

●1880年秋开始任教巴黎高等学院,长达10年。

成立法兰西学派。

●1891年就任日内瓦大学文学社会科学系教授。

●1907-1911年连续三次讲授普通语言学课程。

●1913年病逝于日内瓦。

●惊人的语言天赋:

●幼年就学会了法语、德语、英语、拉丁语和希腊语。

●不到15岁就写了《论诸语言》一文。

●认真的教学态度:

●曾开设日耳曼比较语法,拉丁语希腊语比较语法,立陶宛语,印欧语言比较,希腊与拉丁语音学,古代希腊碑文选读,波斯诸王碑文,欧洲地理语言学,日耳曼历史语言学,古英语,古高地德语,三次讲授普通语言学。

连续21年讲授梵文。

●严谨的治学精神:

●平生只发表过一篇论文。

●“我通常感到在语言问题上,要写上十行言之成理的文字也有困难。

”(许国璋1983:

5)

J.Culler(animportantfigureofthestructuralismmovementofliterarytheoryandcriticism.)says:

“FerdinanddeSaussureisthefatherofmodernlinguistics,themanwhoreorganizedthesystematicstudyoflanguageandlanguagesinsuchawayastomakepossibletheachievementsofthe20thcenturylinguistics.”

N.Chomsky(1928-)乔姆斯基

Chomskyisbothalinguistandasocialreformer.Heisconsideredtobetheworld’smostinfluentiallivingthinker.Heisthemost-quotedwriterinhistoryfollowingMarx,Lenin,Shakeskpeare,theBible(treatedasanauthor),Aristotle,PlatoandFreud.Theresultoftheglobalpublicintellectualspool,heldbyProspectandForeignPolicyin2005,showsthatChomskyisthefirstmostinfluentialpublicintellectualintheworld.ThisispartlyduetohisresearchonsocialaffairsandhisindependentviewsonAmericandomesticandforeignpolicies.

M.A.K.HallidayM.A.K.Halliday

●HallidaywasbornandraisedinEngland.HetookaBAHonoursdegreeinModernChineseLanguageandLiterature(Mandarin)attheUniversityofLondon.HethenlivedforthreeyearsinChina,wherehestudiedunderLuoChangpeiatPekingandunderWangLiatLingnanUniversity,beforereturningtotakeaPhDinChineseLinguisticsatCambridge.HavingtaughtChineseforanumberofyears,hechangedhisfieldofspecialisationtolinguistics,anddevelopedsystemicfunctionalgrammar,elaboratingonthefoundationslaidbyhisBritishteacherJ.R.FirthandagroupofEuropeanlinguistsoftheearly20thcentury,thePragueSchool.

1.2 Whatislanguage?

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

system---elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.

arbitrary---thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenasignanditsmeaning.

vocal---theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.

symbols---wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.

human-specific---humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.Onlyhumanhavelanguage.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)

1.3Propertiesoflanguage语言的结构特征(Designfeatures)

1)Arbitrariness(任意性)

2)Duality(双重性)

3)Productivity(创造性)

4)Culturaltransmission(文化传递性)

1.Arbitrariness---theformoflinguisticsigns(eg.words,phases)bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention..

E.g.“house”,uchi(Japanese),mansion(French),房子(Chinese)

“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”---Shakespeare

Conventionality----Inanylanguage,therearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.

Iconicity:

(Thereisanaturalconnectionbetweenformandmeaning.)

●-onomatopoeicwords:

rumble,crash,crackle,bang,叮咚,轰隆,咔嚓

●-compoundwords:

typewriter,washingmachine

●-phrases(proximityiconicity)

thefamousdeliciousItalianpepperonipizza

theoldblackwoodendesk

-sentences(sequencingiconicity)

Hecameinandsatdown.

Hesatdownandcamein.

Hesatdownafterhecamein.

●Icons(图形)arephysicallysimilartotheobjectsrepresented.

Eg.roadtrafficsign.

●Indexical(指示):

thereisacausalrelationbetweensignandreferent.

Eg.Smokeisindexicaloffire.

●Symbolic(象征):

servingasasymbolofsomething.

Eg.thewordinlanguage,theformulainmathematicsaresymbols.Thesesymbolsarearbitraryaswellasconventional.

2.Duality----languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwo

setsofstructures,ortwolevels,andeachofthe

twolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

Higherlevel----unitswhicharemeaningful

Lowerlevel----soundswhicharemeaningless.Theycanbegroupedandregroupedintomeaningfulunits.

Thisisthemosteconomicalfeatureoflanguage.

●Examples:

/k/,/p/,/a:

//pa:

k/,/ka:

p//m/,/ai/,/n/,/t/,/i:

/……

Languageishierarchical:

Theadvantageofduality,whichliesinthegreatproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements---forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.

discourse/texts

sentences

words

morphemes

sounds

(PAUSEandRECALL:

Howabouttrafficlights?

3.Productivity(creativity)---Languageisresourceful.Itmakespossiblethe

constructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

whennewsituationsariseornewobjectshavetobedescribed,thelanguageusersmanipulatetheirlinguisticresourcestoproducenewexpressionsandnewsentences.

Sourceofproductivity/creativity

●Dualityoflanguage(结构二重性)

●Recursiveness(递归性):

Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho…

Doworkerbeesdisplaycreativity?

●Inoneexperiment,ahiveofbeeswasplacedatthefootofaradiotowerandafoodsourceatthetop.Tenbeesweretakentothetop,shownthefoodsource,andsentofftotelltherestofthehiveabouttheirfind.Themessagewasconveyedviaabeedanceandthewholegangbuzzedofftogetthefreefood.Theyflewaroundinalldirections,butcouldn’tlocatethefood.

●AccordingtoKarlvonFrisch,whoconductedtheexperiment,“thebeeshavenowordforupintheirlanguage”.Moreover,theycannotinventone.

4.Culturaltransmission

Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.

thecaseof“thewolfchild”Genie1957年4月出生,从20个月起被关在小房子里,发出任何声音就受到父亲惩罚;大部分时间被捆在婴儿椅,或在婴儿床的睡袋里,床上罩着金属丝网14岁时被发现,基本无语言。

给予语言训练,但语法进步缓慢。

两词句,正常孩子只要几个星期,但她超过5个月使用NoMummygo这样的句式超过两年难以学会疑问句

Chimpanzeesandlanguage:

Gua,Viki,Washoe,SarahandLana

Non-humanprimatesdonothaveaphysicallystructuredvocaltractwhichissuitableforproducinghumanspeechsounds.Apesandgorillascan,likechimpanzees,communicatewithawiderangeofvocalcalls,buttheyjustcannotspeak.

Review:

1.Whatislinguistics?

2.Whatislanguage?

3.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?

(orpropertiesoflanguage)

4.Intheory,howcanlinguisticsbeclassified?

5.Whoistheforefatherofmodernlinguistics?

6.WhatisHallidayfamousfor?

7.WhatisChomskyfamousfor?

1.4BodyLanguagesandOtherLanguages”

Qs:

1)Whatisbodylanguage?

Canyounamesomekindofbodylanguage?

2)Isitlanguage?

Whyorwhynot?

Examples:

Handtocheekthinking

TappingordrummingfingersImpatience

TiltedheadInterest

BitingnailsInsecurity,nervousness

1.5FunctionsofLanguage

AccordingtoHalliday(2003),therearethreebroadfunctionsoflanguage:

1Idea

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 高中教育 > 理化生

copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有

经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1