常见英语句法错误SentenceFragmentDanglingModifierandF.docx

常见英语句法错误SentenceFragmentDanglingModifierandF.docx

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常见英语句法错误SentenceFragmentDanglingModifierandF

SenｔｅｎｃeFrａgｍｅntｓ

Ａ　ＳEＮTＥNＣEＦRAＧMＥNTfails　ｔobeａｓeｎtｅｎcein　theseｎsethaｔit　cannotsｔanｄbｙｉtseｌf.Itｄｏｅsnｏtconｔainｅｖｅnoneindeｐｅndｅntclａuｓe．Therｅaresevｅraｌreasons　whyagrouｐofwｏrdsｍａｙｓeemｔo　act　liｋea　sｅntencｅbｕtｎｏｔhave　thewherｅｗithalto　maｋeｉt　ａsaｃoｍｐlｅtetｈought.

It　mａylocaｔｅsomethiｎgｉｎtimeandｐlａcewiｔｈ　apｒepoｓitioｎaｌphrasｅora　sｅｒies　ofsuｃhphrａｓes，　butit'sstilllaｃkingａpｒoperｓｕbjｅct-verbreｌａtｉonshipwitｈinanindｅpendenｔclａuｓｅ:

InJａpan,duriｎgtｈe　lastwar　andjｕｓtbｅfｏretｈｅａrｍｉstice.

Ｔｈｉｓsentenｃｅaccompｌisheｓaｇｒeaｔdeａlintｅrmsｏfｐlaｃingthe　ｒeadeｒiｎtimｅand　pｌacｅ,buttｈerｅ　ｉsno　sｕbjeｃt，　no　verb.

Itdｅsｃriｂessomething,buttheｒｅis　ｎosuｂjeｃt-vｅrｂ　rｅｌationship:

Workingｆarinｔothenｉghtinａnｅｆfoｒttosａlｖageheｒlittleｂoat．

Ｔhisｉsaverbaｌphrasｅthatwantsｔomoｄiｆysoｍething，thereal　ｓｕｂｊeｃt　oｆthesenteｎcｅ（aｂｏｕttｏcomeuｐ）,probabｌythｅ　sheｗho　waｓwｏrkingsｏharｄ．　

Ｉｔ　mａy　ｈａve　moｓtofｔhe　makiｎgs　oｆaseｎtencebｕt　still　be　misｓｉｎｇ　animｐｏrｔａntpartoｆａveｒbsｔriｎg：

Some　ｏf　thestudentｓ　woｒkiｎgｉｎＰｒofessorＥｓｐinoza'sｌaborａtorｙlastsｅmeｓtｅr.

Ｒememberthａtaｎ-ｉnｇverｂformwithouｔanaｕxｉliaryfoｒｍto　accoｍpanyiｔcan　neｖer　bｅ　aveｒb．　

Ｉt　ｍayｅvenｈaveasubjeｃt-vｅrb　ｒeｌatioｎship，buｔｉthａsbeensｕｂordｉnａtedtｏａnｏtｈeｒiｄｅa　by　ａdepeｎdeｎtwordanｄ　ｓｏｃａｎｎｏt　staｎd　byｉtseｌf：

Even　thｏuｇhhehaｄthe　betｔｅrarｇuｍeｎtｓanｄwａsbyfarthｅmoreｐowerfｕｌspeａkeｒ.　

Ｔhｉｓｓentencefragmentｈaｓ　asubjecｔ,hｅ,ａndtwｏverbs,　haｄaｎdwaｓ,but　itcannotstanｄｂｙ　itselfbecause　oftｈｅ　ｄeｐｅndｅntｗｏrd（suｂorｄinａtingcｏnjuｎctiｏn）　eventhｏuｇh．Wｅ　nｅedan　ｉｎｄepｅndent　cｌaｕsｅtofollow　upthis　depｅnｄenｔｃlausｅ:

.　..tｈeｍorｅpoｗerfulspeaker,he　ｌosｔｔｈecａsebecauseｈedidn'tundeｒstandthｅｊurｙ.

Stｙlisｔiｃ　Fragmｅnｔs

Thｅrｅ　are　ｏccaｓioｎswhenaｓentencefrａｇｍｅnt　ｃａｎbe　ｓtylisticａlｌyｅfｆectiｖe,exaｃtly　what　yｏuwantaｎd　noｍore.　

HarrisoｎFordｈaｓ　saiｄ　heｗouｌdbemorｅthanwｉlling　to　tａkeoｎ　anｏtｈer　ＩndianaJonesproject．In　aNｅwYoｒk　mｉnute.

Aslｏngasyou　ａrecleａrlyiｎcontrol　ofthｅｓituatｉｏn,thiｓiｓｐｅrmissible,butthｅfreedom　to　ｅxerciｓethiｓstyｌiｓｔicｌiceｎｓｅdepｅndsonthｅｃircuｍstanｃes.Ｐｅｒhapsyour　fiｎａｌresｅarchｐａpｅrｉnＥnglish　Compositioｎisnottｈｅplacetoｅxpｅriｍent　--or，thｅnａgain,　maybeitｉｓ.Asｋyour　instructor.

窗体顶端

Ｏfthetｈｒeesｅnｔｅnｃes　ｉn　eａchgrｏup，seｌeｃtthe　onethatisNOＴ　asentenｃe　fｒagment.SｕｂmitthefoｒmuｓingtheSUBMITAPPLICATIONｂutｔｏn　atｔheeｎd　ofｔheｅxeｒcise．　

1. 

Mrｓ.　Blａncogonetovisｉtherｍoｔher　atｔｈｅ　ｈosｐital.ﻫ

Findinga　parkiｎgspaｃe　therｅｉsusuallyeaｓy　durinｇ　thｅweek.ﻫ

Dｒivinｇｉｎｔhecitｙｄurｉngtheeveninｇ　rushｈour.ﻫ2． 　

Toapｐｌyfor　ajobatthenewstore　inthe　mａll.

Ａskingthｅinｔerｖieweｒhow　ｏｆtｅnhewoｕldhaｖetｏ　ｗorkoｎwｅekends.ﻫ

Shakｉnghiｓ　nｅｗbｏsｓ'shａnｄ,Ｔonyknewｈｅｗouldｌiｋeworkiｎｇ　there．ﻫ３. 

Bythe　ｔｉmｅFｒａnｃesfｏunｄｏutｈowｅxpｅｎｓivethewａllpａpｅriｎg　ｊoｂwouldｂe.ﻫ

After　geｔting　eｓtimatesfromfiveconｔrａｃtoｒs，　ｓhｅdeｃidｅdto　ｄoｔhｅ　wｏrkherｓｅｌf．

Ｂeforeｐｉcking　ouｔaninterｅｓtiｎg　walｌｐaperpattｅｒn　ｔhatｗenｔweｌlwithher　ｆurｎｉture.

4. ﻫ

WhoｂorroｗｅdSｔefaｎｉe＇s　ｃarＳatuｒｄaynｉｇｈｔ.ﻫ

The　niｎeｔeen-year-oldcａr　looｋｅｄout　ｏfplacｅneｘttoｔhｅ　neｗmｏdels.

Whichthesａlesｍanwaｓｓurprｉsedtofindinsuchgood　shａｐe.

５. 　ﻫ

Whilewaitingfｏｒｈerneighｂortomoｖeｔhecaｒtｈatbｌｏcked　tｈｅ　drｉｖｅway.ﻫ

Toavoｉdhｉttinｇｔheother　car,　Micｈaｅlhadｔobacｋacｒossｔhe　cｏrnerｏfthelawn．ﻫ

Byｍakiｎｇsurethａtｎｏoｎewillpaｒｋａcrosstheｄrivｅwaｙagａiｎ.

6. 　

ＢｅcaｕsｅManuｅlｗａｓsureheｈadｈeａrdthesａｍestraｎgeｓtoｒymaｎymoｎthsago.ﻫ

AlthｏuｇhI　wilｌnever　ｆorgethoｗｃold　wｅwｅrewhenwelostoｕrhｅaｔｌasｔｗiｎter.ﻫ

SinceAnnａｗasn'tａtthemeeting,Iｔook　notessｏｔhaｔ　shewoｕｌdｎ'tmiss　ａnｙｔhing．

7. ﻫ

When　mycｏusinｍoveｄtoＴrｏy,NewYoｒk,ａfteｒhefiｎiｓheｄｓchool.

Aftｅrhewentto　alｌthｅ　ｔroｕｂle　offiｘinguphisaｐａrtmｅｎｔ.ﻫ

Whilｅ　livｉngthere，　he　madeverｙ　fewfriendｓ.ﻫ８. 

Mｙ　brotｈerｈａｓbeeｎrunningａ　cｈａｒteｒ　ｆiｓhing　boat　fｏrｆｉｖeyearｓ.

Maｎyofｈis　customers　ｃomｉng　backtｈreeorfouｒｔｉmesovｅｒ　tｈesummer．ﻫ

Ｈiｓbusiｎessｂeeｎｓｏ　ｂｕｓyｔhａt　he　ｈａsverylittｌetｉｍeforａｎythingeｌｓe．

９. 　ﻫ

InｔhehiｄingplaｃｅthatCａrlｈad　ｂeｅnusinｇfoｒyｅarstｏgetaｗaｙfｒom　thenoisyｈouｓe．ﻫ

Bｙthe　timｅｔhａteｖeｒyoｎeｈadquietｅddown,mｙ　fａvoｒitetelｅvisiｏn　ｓhｏwwasovｅr.ﻫ

Ｂｅfoｒeplanｎinganoｔher　ｆamｉlyget-ｔoｇetheraｔｔｈe　alrｅａdycrowdeｄpark.ﻫ10． 　ﻫ

Altｈouｇｈ　Iknｅw　sheｍｉgｈtwear　sｏmethiｎgoｕtragｅous,I　ｗasstillshockeｄｂyheｒdreｓｓ．

Becａuseshｅ　didn'ｔwant　ｔｏｔellｗhereｓhｅhaｄbougｈtthe　ｓtｒａngeoutfｉt.ﻫ

When　wefｉnａlｌｙheａｒd　thatｓhehad　mａｄｅthedrｅssherself.

ＤＡNGLINＧ　MＯＤＩFER

MｉsplａｃedandDanglingMｏdifieｒs

Youhａvea　ｃerｔａinamount　oｆfreedomｉｎdecidingwhereｔｏplaｃｅyourmodifierｓiｎ　a　ｓｅntenｃe:

Werｏwedｔｈeboatvigoｒously.

Wevｉgｏrousｌyrowed　theboａt．　

Vigｏrousｌywe　rowedtheｂoａt.　

However,　ｙoumｕｓtbe　cａreｆuｌｔｏavoiｄ　ｍｉsplａcｅdｍodｉｆiers－-ｍodifiｅrstｈatareｐositｉｏｎｅdsothａtthｅｙ　appearto　modiｆy　thewrｏngthing．

Infaｃt，youｃａｎ　improvｅyoｕrwritingquiｔeabｉｔｂypaｙiｎgaｔtenｔiｏｎ　tobasicｐrobｌems　liｋe　miｓplacｅｄmodiｆiｅrsaｎddangling　modiｆｉｅrs.

Mｉspｌacｅd　Ｗorｄs

Ｉｎ　geｎｅrａl,youshouldｐlacｅｓingｌｅ-ｗoｒdmodifiersneartｈeｗord　orworｄs　they　modiｆy,ｅｓpｅcｉａｌlyｗhenarｅａdｅｒmighｔｔhinkthatｔheｙｍoｄifysomeｔｈｉng　dｉfｆereｎｔinthe　sｅｎtｅnｃｅ．Ｃoｎsiｄeｒthｅfoｌｌｏwｉng　sｅntｅｎce:

［WRONＧ］　Afｔer　ｏｕｒｃonveｒsationｌesｓｏｎｓ,wｅ　couldｕnｄeｒsｔandthe　Ｓpaｎishspokenｂｙourvisitoｒs　frｏｍMａdｒidｅａsily.

Doweunderｓｔaｎｄthe　Spaniｓｈeasｉly,oｒdothｅ　ｖｉsｉｔorｓspｅakit　ｅaｓily?

This　ｒeviｓioneliｍinatｅsthecoｎｆuｓioｎ:

[RＩGHT]Wecoｕlｄeａsｉlyundersｔaｎｄthe　Spaｎishspokｅnbyｏｕｒvｉsｉtｏrs　frｏm　Ｍａｄriｄ.　

Iｔ　iｓparticuｌarlｙimportaｎｔto　becareful　abｏｕt　wｈｅreｙouputliｍitｉnｇｍoｄifiers.　Tｈeｓe　ａrewｏｒdｓlｉke"alｍost,""hardlｙ，""nearly,""ｊust，"　"oｎｌy，"　"merelｙ,"　ａｎd　soｏn.Ｍany　writｅrsrｅgularlyｍisplaceｔhesemoｄiｆｉerｓ.Ｙoucaｎａｃcidentallｙｃｈangetheentiremeaｎingof　a　senteｎceｉfyｏupｌacethesｅ　modifieｒsnexttｏ　ｔｈewrongwoｒd：

［WRONG]Randy　has　nｅarly　anｎoyｅd　eｖｅryprｏfessｏrhe　hashad.　（ｈｅｈasn't"neaｒｌyannoyed＂thｅm）

[WRONＧ]We　almｏst　atｅ　ａllｏftheTｈａｎkｓgivingturkeｙ.（weｄiｄn'ｔ　＂aｌmosteａt＂it）

[RIＧHT]Rａｎdｙhaｓaｎnoyeｄ　nearｌｙ　eｖeryproｆesｓoｒhehaｓhad.

［RIGHＴ]Ｗｅaｔe　ａlmｏstall　oｆtheThａｎｋsgｉving　tuｒkey．

Misplaced　PhｒasesandＣlａusｅs

Itiｓ　importantｔhatｙouplacetｈe　modifyｉng　phrａseｏrclaｕseasｃlosｅ　aｓｐossibletothewoｒdｏrworｄs　itmodifｉeｓ:

[WＲONG］　Byaccident,ｈeｐｏkedtheｌiｔｔlｅgｉrlwithｈｉs　ｆｉngerintｈｅeｙe.　

［WRＯNG］Iheardthａｔmｙ　roｏmｍａteintended　toｔｈrow　a　surprｉsepartyforｍewhile　I　wasoｕtsidｅ　ｈerｂedrｏomwｉｎdow.

[WRONG］Ａfteｒthｅｗedｄing，Iａnｔoldusathis　staｇ　ｐartyｔhathewouldｓtarｔbehaving　likeａ　responsiｂlｅadulｔ.　

[ＲIGHT]Byacciｄent，hｅ　pokeｄtheｌittlｅgirlinthe　eye　wiｔhhisfｉnger.

[ＲIGHT]　Wｈilｅ　Ｉｗas　outsideherbeｄｒoomwinｄｏw,　Iheａrdｔｈａtmyｒｏｏmmateintendedｔo　tｈrow　aｓurprisepａrtyforme.

[RIGＨT]Iａn　toｌｄ　usathisstag　partythathe　wouｌdsｔartbehaving　ｌｉkｅa　ｒｅspoｎsiｂｌｅ　adultａfteｒthe　weddiｎg.

SquintingMoｄifiers

A　ｓｑuintingｍoｄiｆierisanamｂｉgｕouslｙｐlaｃed　modｉfｉerthａt　cａnmodｉfy　ｅｉther　thｅwordbeｆoreｉｔoｒthe　woｒdａfｔer　iｔ.Inotherwordｓ，　itis"sｑuiｎtiｎｇ"inbｏth　directiｏns　aｔ　tｈe　saｍetime:

[WRONＧ］Definiｎg　yoｕrtermsｃｌeａrlｙsｔｒengｔｈensyｏur　ａrｇumeｎt.（doesdefiｎiｎg　"ｃlｅａrlystrｅngthｅn"oｒdoes"defiｎiｎｇ　cｌeａrly"ｓtｒeｎgｔheｎ?

）

[RIGHＴ]Ｄｅfininｇｙｏurｔerｍsｗｉllcleａｒｌystrengｔｈeｎ　ｙourargumenｔ.ＯRAｃlｅaｒ　definｉtｉonoｆ　ｙｏur　terms　strengthens　youｒargument.

Sｐlit　Infinitiveｓ

Thｅinｆｉniｔiveｆormｏf　theｖeｒｂconsistsｏfｔhｅworｄ"to"　followed　ｂｙ　the　baｓeformoftheverb：

＂tobe，""toserve,""ｔochop,＂　ｅtc.Insｅrtｉnga　wｏrdorworｄｓbetwｅentｈe＂to"andtheveｒｂｏfａｎinfiｎitｉve　ｃreaｔes　wｈatｉsknown　aｓ　ａ　spｌitｉnfiｎｉtive.Pｒｅscriｐtiｖe　grammarｉans,　wｈokｎeｗ　Latｉngrammar　betｔer　thａｎEnｇｌｉｓｈ，ｏncｅdecreed　thaｔaｓplitinfｉｎitivewasａnerror，bｕtnowitisgｒowinginｃreａｓｉnglyacｃｅｐtablｅevenin　forｍal　wriｔing.Nｅveｒtheｌess，somecareｆuｌwriterｓstillｐreｆertoａvoｉｄsplittｉngiｎfinitiｖeｓaltoｇｅther.

Ｉngenｅraｌ，　ｙoushoｕldavｏid　placiｎｇ　loｎg,disｒuｐtivemodifiers　betｗeenｔhｅ　＂to＂ａndthevｅrbｏfaninfｉnitive.Ｈowevｅｒ,yｏumｕstｕｓe　yoｕr　jｕdgementwhenit　ｃoｍｅｓ　tosinｇle-ｗoｒd　modifierｓ.Someｔimesａ　sｅntenｃｅbeｃoｍesawｋwardｉfasｉngle-worｄmodｉfieｒisｐlacｅｄanyｗｈeｒe　ｂutbｅtweenthe　elemeｎtsoftｈe　ｉnfｉnitive:

[WRＯＮG]Themarｋetｉｎgtｅａm　voｔed　ｔo，ｂeｆorｅthｅyｌaｕｎchedｔheｎewsｏftware,runaｎaｎtiｃipatorｙadｃａmpaign．　（dｉsrｕptivｅ--　ｔheiｎｆｉnitivesｈouｌｄｎｏｔbesplｉｔ）

[RＩGＨＴ］The　ｍarketingteam　votedto　ｒunananｔicipａtoryadcａmpaigｎbｅfｏｒetheｙ　launchｅｄ　thenｅwsoftwaｒe.

DaｎglｉｎgＭoｄifiers

Ｔｈe　ｄanｇlｉngmodｉfieｒ，　apersistentand　ｆrｅｑｕent　gramｍaｔicalproblｅmｉnｗritｉng,isｏfｔen（thouｇh　nｏtaｌｗaｙs）　ｌocatｅd　atthebegiｎｎingｏｆ　ａ　ｓentenｃe.　A　danglｉｎgmｏｄifｉeriｓuｓｕaｌｌy　ａphrａseoranellipticaｌclause－-　a　ｄependent　clａuseｗhoｓｅ　ｓubjectａnd　ｖerb　aｒｅ　imｐlieｄ　ratｈｅr　thanｅxpｒessed－-　thaｔ　fｕncｔionsａｓanadjeｃtiｖe　butdoｅs　ｎotmodｉｆyaｎyspecｉficwｏrdin　thｅsentencｅ,oｒ（worse）moｄifiesthewrｏng　ｗｏｒd．Conｓiderthe　foｌlｏwingexａmple:

RaiｓedinNovａScotｉa，itisｎａturａltomisｓthe　sｍell　oftheｓeａ.　

Thｅintroｄｕｃtｏｒy　phraseｉｎ　tｈe　ａbovｅｓｅnｔenｃelｏｏｋsａs　ifitｉsmeantｔomodｉfyａpersonorｐersons，butno　ｏnｅismenｔiｏnedinthesｅntence.Suchiｎtｒoductｏｒｙadjectiｖeｐhｒaｓes,becauｓe　oftｈeirposｉｔion,automaticalｌymodｉfytｈeｆirstnoun　orpronounｔhatfolloｗs　tｈｅpｈrase－-inｔhiｓcaｓe，　"iｔ."Tｈｅ　coｎｎeｃtioｎ　inｔhｉscaｓeiｓ　iｌｌogｉcalｂeｃａｕse"iｔ"ｗasｎotraｉsediｎ　NovaScotｉa.You　ｃouldrevisethesｅｎtence　ｉｎａｎuｍbｅroｆ　waｙｓ:

Ｆｏra　persoｎrａised　iｎNovａSｃｏtｉa，itｉs　ｎaｔurａltomｉssｔhｅｓmell　oftｈｅsea.　（tｈephrase　ｎｏlｏngｅrｆunctｉonｓａsanａｄｊectｉｖe）　

Ra