吸尘器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献.docx

吸尘器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献.docx

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吸尘器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

Thevacuumcleanertechnologyandhistory

Vacuumcleaner-classification

Vacuumcleanerspeciesmore,accordingtothestructurepointsaremainly：

1,vertical：

abucketorsquareroundthemajority，pointson,undertwoparts，theupperpart．ispoweredwithmotor，thelowerfordustcollectionbox．

2,horizontal:

rectangularormodelsshape，havetwoparts，frontbeforefordustcollectionbox，rearpartforthemotor．

3andportable，itusuallyhasfourkindsofform-shouldertype：

smaller，whenusingbackonhisshoulders，smallerpower；Poletype：

shapelikerod，handles，andonthetopisforsuctionnozzlebelow，smallerpower；Portable:

smaller，whichcanbedirectlyusedinhandgrip,smallerpower；Minitype：

multi-purposebattery-powered，smaller，moreforcleanclothes,instruments，smallerpower．

Accordingtothedrivemotorstopoints

vacuumcleanerandcanbedividedintothefollowingcategories:

acvacuumcleaners,dccleanerandac/dcamphibiousvacuumcleaner．

Vacuumcleaner-workingprinciple

Cleanermainlybyupdust，vacuuming，blow3parts，generallyincludesstring-excitedmotor,centrifugalblowerKSF,blowdevice（bags）andvacuumingaccessories.KSFstring-excitedmotorspeedupmorethan20000r/min（minivacuumcleaneranalyzed．combinedbymicro，ratedvoltagedcmachinesfor3~6V）.Blowisusuallyadoptsmesh，flanneletteorfiltermaterials.Generalcleanerpowerfor400~1000Worhigher，portablevacuumcleanerpowergenerallylowerthan250W．Cleanerprincipleofworkisasfollows：

motorhigh-speeddrivetheirimpellerrotation,makeairhigh-speededuction,andtheairblowerfront-endvacuumingcottrellconstantlysupply，makeaspirationtofancottrell，thusproducedwithoutsidetheinstantaneousvacuumformingnegativepressuredifferentialpressure，onthepressuredifference，undertheactionofinhaledair，thedustscurf，ejectingpurityisfilteredaircleanerair．Thegreatertheairpressuredifference，thegreaterthegreaterability，aspiration．

Avacuumcleaner，commonlyreferredtoasavacuumisadevicethatusesanairpumptocreateapartialvacuumtosuckupdustanddirt,usuallyfromfloors.Thedirtiscollectedbyeitheradustbagoracycloneforlaterdisposal.Vacuumcleaners,whichareusedinhomesaswellaninindustry,existinavarietyofsizesandmodels:

fromsmallbattery-operatedhand-helddevicestohugestationaryindustrialappliancesthatcanhandleseveralhundredlittersofdustbeforebeingemptied.

Technology

Avacuum'ssuctioniscausedbyadifferenceinairpressure.Anelectricfanreducesthepressureinsidethemachine.Atmosphericpressurethenpushestheairthroughthecarpetandintothenozzle,andsothedustisliterallypushedintothebag.

Testshaveshownthatvacuumingcankill100%ofyoungfleasand96%ofadultfleas.

ABritishinventorhasdevelopedanewcleaningtechnologyknownasAirRecyclingTechnologywhichinsteadofusingavacuumusesanairstreamtocollectdustfromthecarpet.ThistechnologywastestedbytheMarketTransformationProgrammer（MTP）andshowntobemoreenergyefficientthanthevacuummethod.AlthoughworkingprototypesexistAirRecyclingTechnologyisnotcurrentlyusedinanyproductioncleaner.

Exhaustfiltration

Vacuumsbytheirnaturecausedusttobecomeairborne,byexhaustingairthatisnotcompletelyfiltered.Thiscancausehealthproblemssincetheoperatorendsupinhalingthisdust.Thereareseveralmethodsmanufacturersareusingtosolvethisproblem.Somemethodsmaybecombinedtogetherinasinglevacuum.Typicallythefilterispositionedsothattheincomingairpassesthroughitbeforeitreachesthemotor.Typically,thefilteredairthenpassesthroughthemotorforcoolingpurposes.

History

Thevacuumcleanerevolvedfromthecarpetsweeperviamanualvacuumcleaners.Thefirstmanualmodels,usingbellows,cameinthe1869s,andfirstmotorisedmodelscameinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.

DanielHess

DanielHessofWestUnion,Lowe,USAinventedavacuumcleanerin1860.Callingitacarpetsweeperinsteadofavacuumcleaner,hismachinedid,infact,havearotatingbrushlikeatraditionalvacuumcleaner,whichalsopossessedanelaboratebellowsmechanismontopofthebodytogeneratesuctionofdustanddirt.Hessreceivedapatent（U.S.No.29.077）forhisinventionofthevacuumcleaneronJuly10,1860.

ElvesW.McGaffe

Thefirstmanually-poweredcleanerusingvacuumprincipleswasthe“Whirlwind,”inventedinChicago,USAin1868byelvesW.McGaffeThemachinewaslightweightandcompact,butwasdifficulttooperatebecauseoftheneedtoturnahandcrankatthesametimeaspushingitacrossthefloor.McGaffeenlistedthehelpofTheAmericanCarpetCleaningCo.ofBostontomarketittothepubic.Itwassoldfor$25.ItishardtodeterminehowsuccessfultheWhirlwindwas,asmostofthemweresoldinChicagoandBoston,anditislikelythatmanywerelostintheGreatChicagoFireof1871.Onlytwoareknowntohavesurvived,oneofwhichcanbefoundintheHooverHistoricalCenter.

McGaffneywasbutoneofmany19th-centuryinventorsintheUnitedStatesandEuropewhodevisedmanualvacuumcleaners.Heobtainedapatent（U.S.No.91,145）onJune8,1869.

MelvilleBissell

In1876,MelvilleBissellofGrandRapids,Michigan,USAcreatedavacuumcleanerforhiswife,Anna,tocleanupsawdustincarpeting.Shortlyafter,BissellCarpetSweeperswereborn.AfterMelvillediedunexpectedlyin1889,Annatookcontrolofthecompanyandwasoneofthemostpowerfulbusinesswomenoftheday.

JohnS.Thurman

OnNovember14,1898,JohnS.ThurmanofSt.Louis,Missouri,USA.Submittedforpatent（U.S.No.634,042）a“pneumaticcarpetrenovator”.ItwasissuedonOctober3,1899.ThurmancreatedagasolinepoweredcarpetcleanerfortheGeneralCompressedAirCompany.InanewspaperadvertisementfromtheSt.LouisDispatch,Thurmanofferedhisinventionofthehorsedrawn（whichwentdoortodoor）motorizedcleaningsysteminSt.Louis.Louis.Heofferedcleaningservicesat$4pervisit.By1906,Thurmanwasofferingbuilt-incentralcleaningsystemsthatusedcompressedair,yetfeaturedndustcollection.Thurman’smachineissometimesconsideredthefirstvacuumcleaner.However,thedustwasblownintoareceptacleratherthanbeingsuckedin,aninthemachinenowused.Inlaterpatentlitigation,JudgeAugustusHandruledthatThurman“doesnotappeartohaveattemptedtodesignavacuumcleanerortohaveunderstoodtheprocessofvacuumcleaning.”

H.CecilBooth

HubertCecilBoothhasthestrongestclaimtoinventingthemotorizedvacuumcleanerin1901.AsBoothrecalleddecadeslater,in1901heattended“ademonstrationofanAmericanmachinebyitsinventor”attheEmpireMusicHallinLondon.Theinventorisnotnamed,butBooth’sdescriptionofthemachineconformsfairlycloselytoThurman’sdesign,asmodifiedinlaterpatents.Boothwatchedademonstrationofthedevicewhichblewdustoffthechairs,andthoughtitwouldbemuchmoreusefultohaveonethatsuckeddust.Hetestedtheideabylayingahandkerchiefontheseatofarestaurantchair,puttinghismouthtothehandkerchief,andthentryingtosuckupasmuchdustashecouldontothehandkerchief.Uponseeingthedustanddirtcollectedontheundersideofthehandkerchiefherealizedtheideacouldwork.Boothcreatedalargedevice,drivenfirstbyanoilengine,andlaterbyanelectricmotorelectric.Nicknamedthe"PuffingBilly",Booth'spetrol-powered,horse-drawnvacuumcleanerrelieduponairdrawnthroughaclothfilter.Gainingtheroyalsealofapproval,Booth'smotorizedvacuumcleanerwasusedtocleanthecarpetsofWestminsterAbbeypriortoEdwardVII’scoronationin1901.BoothreceivedhisfirstpatentsonFebruary18andAugust30,1901

DavidT.Kenney

NinepatentsgrantedtotheNewJersey,USAinventorDavidT.Kenneybetween1903and1913establishedthefoundationfortheAmericanvacuumcleanerindustry.MembershipintheVacuumCleanerManufacturers’Associatio,formedin1919,waslimitedtolicenseesunderhispatents.

WalterGriffiths

In1905"Griffith'sImprovedVacuumApparatusforRemovingDustfromCarpets"wasanothermanuallyoperatedcleaner,patentedbyWalterGriffithsManufacturer,Birmingham,England.wasportable,easytostore,andpoweredby"anyoneperson（suchastheordinarydomesticservanthetaskofcompressingabellows-likecontraptiontosuckupdustthrougharemovable,flexiblepipe,towhichavarietyofshapednozzlescouldbeattached.Thiswasarguablythefirstdomesticvacuum-cleaningdevicetoresemblethemodernvacuumcleaner.

HermannBogenschild

GermanimmigrantengineerHermannBogenschildfiledapatentin1906foramechanical'dustremovingapparatus.'EmigratingfromBerlintoMilwaukeein1892,Bogenschild'sdevicewasmountedonwheelsforportabilityanditsmotorwasconnectedtoahoseandfiltersystem.

JamesMurraySpangler

In1907,JamesMurraySpangler,ajanitorCanton,Ohio,practical,portablevacuumcleaner.Crucially,inadditiontosuctionthatusedanelectricfan,abox,andoneofhiswife'spillowcases,Spangler'sdesignincorporatedarotatingbrushtoloosendebris.Unabletoproducethedesignhimselfduetolackoffunding,hesoldthepatentin1908toWilliamHenryHooverwhohadSpangler'smachineredesignedwithasteelcasing,casters,andattachments.Subsequentinnovationsincludedthefirstdisposalfilterbagsinthe1920sandthefirstuprightvacuumcleanerin1926.

Hoover

Spanglerpatentedhisrotating-brushdesignJune2,1908,andeventuallysoldtheideatohiscousin'shusband,Hoover.Hewaslookingforanewproducttosell,astheleathergoodsproducedbyhis'HooverHarnessandLeatherGoods'co