吸尘器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献.docx
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吸尘器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
Thevacuumcleanertechnologyandhistory
Vacuumcleaner-classification
Vacuumcleanerspeciesmore,accordingtothestructurepointsaremainly:
1,vertical:
abucketorsquareroundthemajority,pointson,undertwoparts,theupperpart.ispoweredwithmotor,thelowerfordustcollectionbox.
2,horizontal:
rectangularormodelsshape,havetwoparts,frontbeforefordustcollectionbox,rearpartforthemotor.
3andportable,itusuallyhasfourkindsofform-shouldertype:
smaller,whenusingbackonhisshoulders,smallerpower;Poletype:
shapelikerod,handles,andonthetopisforsuctionnozzlebelow,smallerpower;Portable:
smaller,whichcanbedirectlyusedinhandgrip,smallerpower;Minitype:
multi-purposebattery-powered,smaller,moreforcleanclothes,instruments,smallerpower.
Accordingtothedrivemotorstopoints
vacuumcleanerandcanbedividedintothefollowingcategories:
acvacuumcleaners,dccleanerandac/dcamphibiousvacuumcleaner.
Vacuumcleaner-workingprinciple
Cleanermainlybyupdust,vacuuming,blow3parts,generallyincludesstring-excitedmotor,centrifugalblowerKSF,blowdevice(bags)andvacuumingaccessories.KSFstring-excitedmotorspeedupmorethan20000r/min(minivacuumcleaneranalyzed.combinedbymicro,ratedvoltagedcmachinesfor3~6V).Blowisusuallyadoptsmesh,flanneletteorfiltermaterials.Generalcleanerpowerfor400~1000Worhigher,portablevacuumcleanerpowergenerallylowerthan250W.Cleanerprincipleofworkisasfollows:
motorhigh-speeddrivetheirimpellerrotation,makeairhigh-speededuction,andtheairblowerfront-endvacuumingcottrellconstantlysupply,makeaspirationtofancottrell,thusproducedwithoutsidetheinstantaneousvacuumformingnegativepressuredifferentialpressure,onthepressuredifference,undertheactionofinhaledair,thedustscurf,ejectingpurityisfilteredaircleanerair.Thegreatertheairpressuredifference,thegreaterthegreaterability,aspiration.
Avacuumcleaner,commonlyreferredtoasavacuumisadevicethatusesanairpumptocreateapartialvacuumtosuckupdustanddirt,usuallyfromfloors.Thedirtiscollectedbyeitheradustbagoracycloneforlaterdisposal.Vacuumcleaners,whichareusedinhomesaswellaninindustry,existinavarietyofsizesandmodels:
fromsmallbattery-operatedhand-helddevicestohugestationaryindustrialappliancesthatcanhandleseveralhundredlittersofdustbeforebeingemptied.
Technology
Avacuum'ssuctioniscausedbyadifferenceinairpressure.Anelectricfanreducesthepressureinsidethemachine.Atmosphericpressurethenpushestheairthroughthecarpetandintothenozzle,andsothedustisliterallypushedintothebag.
Testshaveshownthatvacuumingcankill100%ofyoungfleasand96%ofadultfleas.
ABritishinventorhasdevelopedanewcleaningtechnologyknownasAirRecyclingTechnologywhichinsteadofusingavacuumusesanairstreamtocollectdustfromthecarpet.ThistechnologywastestedbytheMarketTransformationProgrammer(MTP)andshowntobemoreenergyefficientthanthevacuummethod.AlthoughworkingprototypesexistAirRecyclingTechnologyisnotcurrentlyusedinanyproductioncleaner.
Exhaustfiltration
Vacuumsbytheirnaturecausedusttobecomeairborne,byexhaustingairthatisnotcompletelyfiltered.Thiscancausehealthproblemssincetheoperatorendsupinhalingthisdust.Thereareseveralmethodsmanufacturersareusingtosolvethisproblem.Somemethodsmaybecombinedtogetherinasinglevacuum.Typicallythefilterispositionedsothattheincomingairpassesthroughitbeforeitreachesthemotor.Typically,thefilteredairthenpassesthroughthemotorforcoolingpurposes.
History
Thevacuumcleanerevolvedfromthecarpetsweeperviamanualvacuumcleaners.Thefirstmanualmodels,usingbellows,cameinthe1869s,andfirstmotorisedmodelscameinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.
DanielHess
DanielHessofWestUnion,Lowe,USAinventedavacuumcleanerin1860.Callingitacarpetsweeperinsteadofavacuumcleaner,hismachinedid,infact,havearotatingbrushlikeatraditionalvacuumcleaner,whichalsopossessedanelaboratebellowsmechanismontopofthebodytogeneratesuctionofdustanddirt.Hessreceivedapatent(U.S.No.29.077)forhisinventionofthevacuumcleaneronJuly10,1860.
ElvesW.McGaffe
Thefirstmanually-poweredcleanerusingvacuumprincipleswasthe“Whirlwind,”inventedinChicago,USAin1868byelvesW.McGaffeThemachinewaslightweightandcompact,butwasdifficulttooperatebecauseoftheneedtoturnahandcrankatthesametimeaspushingitacrossthefloor.McGaffeenlistedthehelpofTheAmericanCarpetCleaningCo.ofBostontomarketittothepubic.Itwassoldfor$25.ItishardtodeterminehowsuccessfultheWhirlwindwas,asmostofthemweresoldinChicagoandBoston,anditislikelythatmanywerelostintheGreatChicagoFireof1871.Onlytwoareknowntohavesurvived,oneofwhichcanbefoundintheHooverHistoricalCenter.
McGaffneywasbutoneofmany19th-centuryinventorsintheUnitedStatesandEuropewhodevisedmanualvacuumcleaners.Heobtainedapatent(U.S.No.91,145)onJune8,1869.
MelvilleBissell
In1876,MelvilleBissellofGrandRapids,Michigan,USAcreatedavacuumcleanerforhiswife,Anna,tocleanupsawdustincarpeting.Shortlyafter,BissellCarpetSweeperswereborn.AfterMelvillediedunexpectedlyin1889,Annatookcontrolofthecompanyandwasoneofthemostpowerfulbusinesswomenoftheday.
JohnS.Thurman
OnNovember14,1898,JohnS.ThurmanofSt.Louis,Missouri,USA.Submittedforpatent(U.S.No.634,042)a“pneumaticcarpetrenovator”.ItwasissuedonOctober3,1899.ThurmancreatedagasolinepoweredcarpetcleanerfortheGeneralCompressedAirCompany.InanewspaperadvertisementfromtheSt.LouisDispatch,Thurmanofferedhisinventionofthehorsedrawn(whichwentdoortodoor)motorizedcleaningsysteminSt.Louis.Louis.Heofferedcleaningservicesat$4pervisit.By1906,Thurmanwasofferingbuilt-incentralcleaningsystemsthatusedcompressedair,yetfeaturedndustcollection.Thurman’smachineissometimesconsideredthefirstvacuumcleaner.However,thedustwasblownintoareceptacleratherthanbeingsuckedin,aninthemachinenowused.Inlaterpatentlitigation,JudgeAugustusHandruledthatThurman“doesnotappeartohaveattemptedtodesignavacuumcleanerortohaveunderstoodtheprocessofvacuumcleaning.”
H.CecilBooth
HubertCecilBoothhasthestrongestclaimtoinventingthemotorizedvacuumcleanerin1901.AsBoothrecalleddecadeslater,in1901heattended“ademonstrationofanAmericanmachinebyitsinventor”attheEmpireMusicHallinLondon.Theinventorisnotnamed,butBooth’sdescriptionofthemachineconformsfairlycloselytoThurman’sdesign,asmodifiedinlaterpatents.Boothwatchedademonstrationofthedevicewhichblewdustoffthechairs,andthoughtitwouldbemuchmoreusefultohaveonethatsuckeddust.Hetestedtheideabylayingahandkerchiefontheseatofarestaurantchair,puttinghismouthtothehandkerchief,andthentryingtosuckupasmuchdustashecouldontothehandkerchief.Uponseeingthedustanddirtcollectedontheundersideofthehandkerchiefherealizedtheideacouldwork.Boothcreatedalargedevice,drivenfirstbyanoilengine,andlaterbyanelectricmotorelectric.Nicknamedthe"PuffingBilly",Booth'spetrol-powered,horse-drawnvacuumcleanerrelieduponairdrawnthroughaclothfilter.Gainingtheroyalsealofapproval,Booth'smotorizedvacuumcleanerwasusedtocleanthecarpetsofWestminsterAbbeypriortoEdwardVII’scoronationin1901.BoothreceivedhisfirstpatentsonFebruary18andAugust30,1901
DavidT.Kenney
NinepatentsgrantedtotheNewJersey,USAinventorDavidT.Kenneybetween1903and1913establishedthefoundationfortheAmericanvacuumcleanerindustry.MembershipintheVacuumCleanerManufacturers’Associatio,formedin1919,waslimitedtolicenseesunderhispatents.
WalterGriffiths
In1905"Griffith'sImprovedVacuumApparatusforRemovingDustfromCarpets"wasanothermanuallyoperatedcleaner,patentedbyWalterGriffithsManufacturer,Birmingham,England.wasportable,easytostore,andpoweredby"anyoneperson(suchastheordinarydomesticservanthetaskofcompressingabellows-likecontraptiontosuckupdustthrougharemovable,flexiblepipe,towhichavarietyofshapednozzlescouldbeattached.Thiswasarguablythefirstdomesticvacuum-cleaningdevicetoresemblethemodernvacuumcleaner.
HermannBogenschild
GermanimmigrantengineerHermannBogenschildfiledapatentin1906foramechanical'dustremovingapparatus.'EmigratingfromBerlintoMilwaukeein1892,Bogenschild'sdevicewasmountedonwheelsforportabilityanditsmotorwasconnectedtoahoseandfiltersystem.
JamesMurraySpangler
In1907,JamesMurraySpangler,ajanitorCanton,Ohio,practical,portablevacuumcleaner.Crucially,inadditiontosuctionthatusedanelectricfan,abox,andoneofhiswife'spillowcases,Spangler'sdesignincorporatedarotatingbrushtoloosendebris.Unabletoproducethedesignhimselfduetolackoffunding,hesoldthepatentin1908toWilliamHenryHooverwhohadSpangler'smachineredesignedwithasteelcasing,casters,andattachments.Subsequentinnovationsincludedthefirstdisposalfilterbagsinthe1920sandthefirstuprightvacuumcleanerin1926.
Hoover
Spanglerpatentedhisrotating-brushdesignJune2,1908,andeventuallysoldtheideatohiscousin'shusband,Hoover.Hewaslookingforanewproducttosell,astheleathergoodsproducedbyhis'HooverHarnessandLeatherGoods'co