章振邦英语语法教程Lecture 3 Clause Element.docx
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章振邦英语语法教程Lecture3ClauseElement
Lecture3ClauseElements
Clauseelementscanbedividedintotwocategories:
centralelementsandperipheralelements.
3.1Centralelements
Thecentralelementsofaclauseincludesubject,predicateverb,object,complement,andadverbial.
1)Subjectsemanticallyclassified
a)personalsubjectandnon-personalsubject
Theaudienceremainsilent.(personalsubject)
Mydreamhascometrue.(non-personalsubject.)
b)agentivesubjectandrecipientsubject
Hebrokethewindowoutofcarelessness.(agentivesubject)
Hebrokehisleg.(recipientsubject)
c)temporalsubjectandlocativesubject
Bythetimeyougotback,itwasnineo’clock.
(temporalsubject)
Thisbedroomsleepssixstudents.(locativesubject)
d)instrumentalsubjectandeventivesubject
Thekeyopenedthedoor.(instrumentalsubject)
Acarknockedthemdown.(instrumentalsubject)
Hismarriageisnextweek.(eventivesubject)
2)Predicateverb/Predicator
Thepredicateverbisthecentralpartofthepredication.Itisusuallyexpressedbyaverbphrase,eitherasimpleVPoracomplexVP.Forexample:
Hegotupearlysoastocatchthefirsttrain.
Nobodycouldmakemechangemymind.
Thechildrenmighthavebeenplayinginthegarden.
3)Objectsemanticallyclassified
Semantically,objectscanbedividedintorecipientobject,resultantobject,causativeobject,metonymicobjectandcognateobject.
a)Recipientobject
e.g.Thedepartmenthasofferedmeapost.
b)Resultantobject
e.g.I’mbakingacake.
c)Causativeobject
e.g.Thecaptainmarchedthetroopsaway.
d)Metonymicobject
e.g.Heisnotsmokingapipe.
e)Cognateobject
e.g.Johnlivesaquietlife.
Hedreamtaterrifyingdream.
4)Complement
Thecomplementincludessubjectcomplementandobjectcomplement.Thesubjectcomplement,whichdescribeswhatthesubjectrefersto,isusuallyusedtogetherwiththelinkingverb,forminga“linkingverb+complement”construction.
Shewasallsmileswhenwewentin.
Youcanrestassuredthatwewilldoourbest.
Theobjectcomplement,whichdescribesthecharacteristicsofwhattheobjectrefersto,isusuallyplacedimmediatelyafterthedirectobject.Itisprecededbyas,oroccasionallybyfor,withsomeverbs.Forexample:
Policeweretreatingtheincidentasmurder.
Theanticipatoryitisusedastheformalobjectwhentheobjectistoolong.Forexample:
Weconsideritveryimportanttouseinformationtechnology.
5)Adverbial
Adverbialsaregenerallyoptionalintheclausestructure.Adverbialsintheformofadverbphrases,prepositionalphrases,orclausesaremoremobilethantheotherclauseelements.Theirpositionsaredetermined,toalargerextent,bytextualandpragmaticfactorsratherthanbysyntacticalfactors.
Adverbialscanbedividedintothreetypes:
depictiveadverbial/adjunct,stanceadverbial/disjunct,andlinkingadverbial/conjunct.Thedepictiveadverbialisthecentralelementoftheclauseandthestanceandlinkingadverbialsareperipheral.
Semantically,depictiveadverbialscanbeclassifiedinto:
a)adverbialoftimeandplace
e.g.I’llbebackbeforeyouhaveleft.
Whereveryougo,I’llgowithyou.
b)adverbialofmannerandaccompanyingcircumstances
e.g.Theytreatedthechildkindly.
Withallthenoise,shewasfindingithardtoconcentrate.
c)adverbialofreason,resultandpurpose
e.g.Hejusthadtoapologize,seeingthatheknewhe’dmadeamistake.
Thetrainwassoslowthatitwasalmosttwohourslate.
Thisisgoodforgettingridofheadaches.
d)adverbialofconditionandconcession
e.g.You’dbeinvitedtomorepartiesifyousmiledmoreoften.
MuchasIenjoyedtheholiday,Iwasgladtobehome.
3.2Peripheralelements
Theperipheralelementsofaclauserefertothosethatarenotstructurallyintegratedwiththemainstructureoftheclause.Theyincludestanceadverbials,linkingadverbials,vocatives,insertions,interjections,parentheses,andinitialYESorNO.Thefollowingareafewexamplesofstanceandlinkingadverbials:
1)Stanceadverbial
Stanceadverbial,alsocalleddisjunct,expressesanevaluationofwhatisbeingsaid.Itisusuallyplacedatthebeginningof(occasionallyinthemiddleorattheendof)asentence,withacommatoseparateitfromtherestofthesentence.Stanceadverbialsareusuallyrealizedbyadverbsoradverbphrases.Theyarealsorealizedbyprepositionalphrases,non-finiteclauses,verblessclausesandoccasionallybyfiniteclauses.
Honestly,Ithinkyouaremistaken.
Veryfrankly,I’mtiredofit.
Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.
Tobesure,somepeoplemaydisagree.
Curious,thegameturnedoutthatway.
Evenmoreimportant,heisinchargeoftheproject.
What’smore,thisprojectoffersprospectsofagreatprofit.
2)Linkingadverbial
Linkingadverbial,alsocalledconjunct,hasthefunctionofconjoiningindependentunits:
phrases,clausesorsentences.Linkingadverbialsarecommonlyrealizedbyconjunctiveandexplanatoryadverbsandprepositionalphrases,etc.semantically,theconjunctiverolescanbedintinguishedinto:
a)Linkingadverbialsdenotinglistingandenumeration,e.g.
Thisprojectwon’twork:
forastart,it’sabadidea,andsecondly,it’llcosttoomuch.
Theytalkedaboutitforhours.Finally,theydecidedtogo.
b)Linkingadverbialsdenotingreinforcement,e.g:
Thehouseisnotbigenoughforus,andfurthermore,itistoofarfromtown.
Theyateaseven-coursemeal;inaddition,theydrankthreebottlesofwine.
c)Linkingadverbialsdenotingapposition,e.g.:
Thepassengerplaneofthe1980s,namely,thesupersonicjet,transformedrelationsbetweenpeopleoftheworld.
Heisveryfat,thatis,heweighs273pounds.
d)Linkingadverbialsdenotingresult,e.g.:
Itrainedthreedaysonend.Consequently,allthelandherewasunderwater.
TheRainersrefusedtopaythehigherrentwhenanincreasewasannounced.Asaresult,theywereevictedfromthehouse.
e)Linkingadverbialsdenotingsemanticequation,e.g.:
Youmustpackplentyoffoodforthejourney.Likewise,youwillneedwarmclothes,sopackthemtoo.
f)Linkingadverbialsdenotinginference,e.g.:
I’veneverbeentoWales.I,therefore,don’tknowmuchaboutthatplace.
Dowhatyouaretoldto;otherwise,youwillbepunished.
g)Linkingadverbialsdenotingreplacement,e.g.:
Theyareenjoyingthemselves.(Or)Rather,theyappeartobeenjoyingthemselves.
Acommonsayinggoes,“Knitthebrowsandyouwillhituponastratagem.”Inotherwords,muchthinkingyieldswisdom.
h)Linkingadverbials,denotingantithesis,e.g.:
Ontheonehand,youdon’twanttobetooaggressive.Ontheotherhand,youshouldn’tbetootired.
Hetakesnointerestinstudies;instead,heplaystennisallday.
i)Linkingadverbialsdenotingconcession,e.g.:
Itwasaverycomplicatedtest.He,nevertheless,passeditwithdistinction.
Theexpressionisungrammatical;allthesame,itisapartofthecommontongue.
j)Linkingadverbialsdenotingtemporaltransition,e.g.:
They’llbeherein10minutes.Meantime/Meanwhilewe’llhavesomecoffee.
Tomwasnowundergoingmanyhardships.Hisbrotherinthemeantimewashavinganeasytime.
k)Linkingadverbialsdenotingchangeofdiscoursaltopic,e.g.:
Weshallexpectyou;bytheway,dinnerwillbeateight.
Theairlineschargehalfpriceforthestudents;incidentally,I’veboughtmytickettoNewYork.
l)Linkingadverbialsdenotingsummation,e.g.:
Allinall,theirfinancialconditionisnotbad.
Inconclusion,I’dliketosayhowmuchI’veenjoyedstayinghere.