knowledgebased product development the 3D CAD model of knowledge creation.docx

knowledgebased product development the 3D CAD model of knowledge creation.docx

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knowledgebasedproductdevelopmentthe3DCADmodelofknowledgecreation

Planningformulti-purposegreenwaysinConcord,NorthCarolina  OriginalResearchArticle

LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,Volume68,Issues2-3,30May2004,Pages271-287

AshleyConine,Wei-NingXiang,JeffYoung,DavidWhitley

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

SmalltownsacrossthesouthernPiedmontofNorthCarolinaareexperiencingrapidgrowthandencroachmentfromlargerneighboringmunicipalities.Manyofthesecommunitiesareconfrontedwiththetoughissueofpreservingthequalityoftheenvironment,whileatthesametimeallowingdevelopmenttooccur.Greenwaysareanexcellentmechanismthatbalancesneedsforbothconservationandgrowth.Onceconsideredtobejustavegetatedlinearareaforpreventativepurposes,greenwayshaveevolvedintoaresourcethatcanmeetthepublic’sneedsforrecreation,environmentalprotection,andalternativetransportation.Therehasalsobeenashiftoffocusingreenwayplanning:

fromasingle-objectiveparadigmofenvironmentalprotectionornaturalconservationtoamulti-objectiveprocessthatallocatesgreenwaysasaresourcetosatisfythepublic’sdemandsforallthreebenefits.However,theseexcitingdevelopmentsbringaseriouschallengetogreenwayplanners:

howtodelineatefuturegreenwaycorridorssothatallthemanyfunctionsareproperlyincorporatedandthepotentialbenefitsaremaximized?

Inthispaperwedemonstrate,throughaprojectfortheCityofConcord,NorthCarolina,thatsuchachallengecanbemetbyusingasystematicapproachtogreenwayplanning.Withthisapproach,weidentifiedfuturegreenwaycorridorswithintheCityofConcordthatbestservethemultipleobjectivesofenvironmentalprotection,recreation,andalternatetransportation.Thesealternativegreenwayscenarioswilllaterbeusedbythelocalcommunities,publicofficials,andplannersasaninformationbasisintheirpursuitofawell-connectedandbalancedlanddevelopmentinthecity.Itishopedthattheresultswillbeintegratedintothecity’scomprehensivelanduseplan.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Amethodologyforgreenwayplanning

2.1.Identificationofgoalsandobjectives

2.2.Assessmentofpotentialdemandareas

2.3.Assessmentofpotentialconnectivitysupplies

2.4.Assessmentofsitesuitability

2.5.Assessmentofaccessibility

2.6.Delineationofcorridors

2.7.Evaluation

3.Implementationofthemethodology

3.1.Identificationofgoalsandobjectives

3.2.Assessmentofdemandareas

3.3.Assessmentofpotentialconnectivitysupplies

3.4.Assessmentofsitesuitability

3.4.1.Locationwithinthefloodplain

3.4.2.Soilsuitabilityforpathsandtrails

3.4.3.Proximitytosewerlineeasements

3.4.4.Parcelsize

3.4.5.Landownership

3.4.6.Futurelanduse

3.4.7.Existingdevelopment

3.5.Assessmentofaccessibility

3.6.Delineationofcorridors

3.7.Evaluation

4.Resultsanddiscussion

4.1.TheThreeMileBranchcorridor

4.2.TheCoddleCreek/AftonRunloop

4.3.TheRockyRiver/ClarkeCreekcorridor

5.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Vitae

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182

EvaluatingthelearningprocessofmechanicalCADstudents  OriginalResearchArticle

Computers&Education,Volume49,Issue3,November2007,Pages640-661

R.F.Hamade,H.A.Artail,M.Y.Jaber

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Abstract

Thereislittletheoreticalorexperimentalresearchonhowbeginner-leveltraineeslearnCADskillsinformaltrainingsessions.ThisworkpresentsfindingsonhowtraineesdeveloptheirskillsinutilizingasolidmechanicalCADtool（Pro/Engineerversion2000i2andlaterversionWildfire）.Exercisesatthebeginnerandintermediatelevelsweredesignedsothatseveralvariationsofasolidobjectarebuiltbynon-experiencedtraineesastheyaccumulatetrainingtime.Inthiscase,traineesarefourthyearmechanicalengineeringseniorsandassuch,theywereofasimilartechnicalandgendermake-up.Thisassessmentwasconductedoverthedurationoftraining（16-weeklongsemester）.Thetestexerciseswereusedtoassessthetrainees’speedandproficiencyintheuseofCADby

（1）measuringtheirperformancetimeand

（2）featurecount（numberoffeatures-of-sizeusedtobuildthetestparts）.Usingperformancetimedata,empiricallearningcurvesaregenerated.BreakingthesecurvesintodeclarativeandproceduralcomponentsprovidesinsightintohowfastthetraineesdevelopcognitiveandmotorCADskills.InordertoconfirmthatthismethodologycanbeextendedtootherCADplatforms,afollow-upstudywasperformedonadifferentsetofbeginner-leveltraineeswithsimilarmake-upwhileusingthesamebeginner-levelpartsbutwithamorerecentversionofPro/Engineer:

Wildfire.OnesignificantresultofthisstudyisthattheproceduralanddeclarativecomponentsofCADlearningarelargelycognitive.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Backgroundandobjectives

3.Methodology

4.Trainingdescriptionandassessmentresults

4.1.Version2000i2

4.1.1.Stage1（Beginner-leveltestparts）learningassessment

4.1.1.1.Feature-buildplans

4.1.1.2.Performanceanalysis

4.1.2.Stage2（intermediate-leveltestparts）learningassessment

4.2.Versionwildfire

5.Discussion

5.1.Version2000i2

5.2.Versionwildfire

6.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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183

Mappingprivategardensinurbanareasusingobject-orientedtechniquesandveryhigh-resolutionsatelliteimagery  OriginalResearchArticle

LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,Volume81,Issue3,20June2007,Pages179-192

RenaudMathieu,ClaireFreeman,JagannathAryal

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Abstract

Gardensremaintheleaststudiedandleastunderstoodhabitatinurbanareas.WiththerecentexceptionoftheURGENTfundedurbandomesticgardensprojectintheUK,thereisanotablelackofresearchontheecologicalcharacterandcontributionofgardenstothewiderurbanbiodiversity.Thisisdespitethefactthatgardensusuallycomprisethelargestvegetatedcomponentoftheurbangreenspaceresource.Inpartthisomissionhasbeenduetothedifficultiesinherentinobtainingecologicaldataongardensandthelackofamethodologyforclassifyingandanalysinggardendata.ThispaperpresentsdatafromastudyundertakeninthecityofDunedin,NewZealand.Thestudydevelopedamethodologyusingobject-orientedclassificationtechniquesandveryhigh-resolutionmultispectralIkonosimagerytoautomaticallymaptheextent,distributionanddensityofprivategardensinthecity.Thefocuswasonthevegetatedgardenareawhichwascalculatedascomprising46%oftheresidentialareaor36%ofthetotalurbanarea.Rigorousaccuracyassessmentswereundertaken.Whenusingtheautomatedclassificationtechnique,atotalof90.7%oftheprivategardenswerecorrectlyidentified.Discriminationofgardentypes（e.g.treesorgrassdominated）wasencouraging,butstillrequiresimprovement.Ourresultsindicatethegreatpotentialthatthemethodologyhasinprovidingaquickmethodforobtaininggoodqualityecologicaldataongardenhabitatsinurbanareas.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Thecontributionofgardenstourbanecology

3.Habitatmappinginurbanareas

4.Privategardenmapping

4.1.Studyarea

4.2.Object-orientedclassification

4.3.Ikonosimagery

4.4.Gardenextraction

4.4.1.Levelone,classificationintofourclasses

4.4.2.Leveltwo,classificationintosixclasses

4.5.Accuracyassessment

5.Results

5.1.Gardenmapaccuracyassessment

5.2.Privategardenresources

6.Discussion

6.1.Mappingaccuracy

6.2.Relevanceoftheprivategardendataset

Acknowledgements

References

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184

Urbangardens:

Leadexposure,recontaminationmechanisms,andimplicationsforremediationdesign  OriginalResearchArticle

EnvironmentalResearch,Volume107,Issue3,July2008,Pages312-319

HeatherF.Clark,DebraM.Hausladen,DanielJ.Brabander

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Abstract

Environmentalleadcontaminationisprevalentinurbanareaswheresoilrepresentsasignificantsinkandpathwayofexposure.ThisstudycharacterizesthespeciationofleadthatisrelevanttolocalrecontaminationandtohumanexposureinthebackyardgardensofRoxburyandDorchester,MA,USA.Onehundredforty-onebackyardgardensweretestedbyX-rayfluorescence,and81%ofgardenshaveleadlevelsabovetheUSEPAactionlimitof400 μg/g.Raisedgardeningbedsaretheinsituexposurereductionmethodusedinthecommunitiestopromoteurbangardening.Raisedbedsweretestedforleadandtheresultsshowedthattheleadconcentrationincreasedfromaninitialrangeof150±40 μg/gtoanaverageof336 μg/gover4years.Thepercentdistributionofleadinthefinegrainsoil（<100 μm）andthetracemetalsignatureoftheraisedbedssupporttheconclusionthatthemechanismofrecontaminationiswind-transportedparticles.Scanningelectronmicroscopyandsequentialextractionwereusedtocharacterizethespeciationoflead,andthetracemetalsignatureofthefinegrainsoilinbothgardensandraisedgardeningbedsischaracteristicoflead-basedpaint.Thisstudydemonstratesthatraisedbedsarealimitedexposure