词句段落文章结构的写法.docx
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词句段落文章结构的写法
词的写法
1.一般词汇和具体词汇
比较而言,有些词比另一些词的意思要具体些。
例如professionals和scientists,doctors,teachers,lawyers,journalists等词相比意思更为广泛,但scientists和physicists,chemists相比,意思又泛了一些。
具体词汇有助于使文章清楚、准确、生动和鲜明,因为与一般词汇相比,具体词汇的信息量大表达力强。
试比较:
agoodmankind,honest,just,generous,warm-hearted,selfless,brave,honorable
goodfoodtasty,delicious,nourishing,rich,fresh,appetizing,abundant
运用具体词汇和提供细节应结合起来,这样便可产生有效果的、给人深刻印象的章。
例如:
General:
Itisoftenwindyanddustyhereinspring.
Specific:
Inspringthereisoftenaverystrongnorthwestwind.Itcarriessomuchfinedustwithitthatsometimesthesunbecomesobscure.Thereisnoescapefromthefinedust;itgetsintoyoureyes,yourears,yournostrilsandyourhair.Itgoesthroughthecracksofclosedwindowsandcoversyourdesksandchairs.
General:
Studentsdomanyinterestingthingsafterclasses.
Specific:
Everymorningandafternoonthesportsfieldsarealivewithenergeticstudents.Footballandbasketballmatches,volleyball,andbadminton,track-trainingandgymnasticsareallinfullswing.Eventhealleywaysunderthetreesandaroundtheflowerbedsprovideenoughspaceforenthusiaststopractice.Throughthewindowscomesthepitter-patterofping-pongballs,thesoundofsongsandmusic,orlaughteranddiscussion.
2.用词宽度要适当
好的短文不仅用词贴切,还会有一定的用词宽度(breadthofvocabulary)。
描写同一事物或表达同一概念,可供选择使用的词语常常有很多。
例如:
Ø修饰名词weather的形容词
褒义:
agreeable,charming,clear,fine,pleasant,splendid,warm
贬义:
awful,bad,cold,dull,frightful,terrible,wretched
Ø修饰名词development的形容词
表性质:
alarming,amazing,full,general,great,important,new,recent,startling
表种类:
commercial,economic,historical,human,industrial,intellectual,national,social
Ø修饰形容词necessary的副词
absolutely,entirely,highly,imperatively,most
Ø修饰动词increase的副词
gradually,greatly,highly,largely,rapidly,remarkably,slightly,steadily
3.习语
习语是有特殊意思的固定词组,其意思和组成这个习语的各个词的意思大步相同。
例如readabook便不是一个习语,因为这个短语的意思就是组成它的三个词的意思的结合,而且还可以换成别的词,诸如anewspaper,anovel等。
但就不同了:
组成这个短语的四个词单独都不表示这个短语的意思,而且更换其中任何一个词该词组就不成为一个可以让人看懂的短语。
英语中的习语很丰富。
下面各种类型的习语是最常见的:
Phrasalverbsputupwith
Turnout
Comeacross
N.+prep.+n.astrawinthewind
Theappleofone’seye
Likeafishoutofwater
Inaworldofone’sown
Prep.+nontheair
Atlength
Withflyingcolors
V.+n.killtwobirdswithonestone
gotothedogs
asasaseasyaspie
asbigaslife
asdifferentasnightandday
aspoorasachurchmouse
Pairsofwordshighanddry
inblackandwhite
touchandgo
SayingsAstitchintimesavesnine.
Takeitorleaveit.
Loveme,lovemydog.
1.Weshouldtrytousetheirknowledgeandskilltoouradvantage.
Weshouldutilizetheirknowledgeandskilltoouradvantage.
2.Therearegreatchangesinrecentyears.
Therearedramaticchangesinrecentyears.
3.Ifyouaregoingtoliveinaforeigncountry,youmustbeusedtonewmannersandcustoms.
Ifyouaregoingtoliveinaforeigncountry,youmustadaptyourselftonewmannersandcustoms.
4.Mr.Wangwillbefreetomorrowafternoon.
Mr.Wangwillbeavailabletomorrowafternoon.
5.Wewantmorechangesinourfoodhere.
Wedemandmorevarietyinourfoodhere.
句子结构类型
英语句子按其结构复杂程度可分为:
简单句、并列句和复合句。
简单句的五种基本句型:
1.主语+谓语动词(+状语)
此句型特点:
该句型中动词后面不带宾语,所以用于此句型的动词应该是不及物动词。
Manproposes;Goddisposes.谋事在人,成事在天。
Modestybenefits;pridehurts.谦受益,满招损。
Thesunrisesandthesunsets.日升日落。
这种句型谓语动词后往往带有状语:
Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。
Thesunsetsinthewest.太阳从西边落下。
2主语+系动词+主语补足语(表语)
此句型特点:
句中动词一般是动词或其他系动词。
Ø最常见的是形容词、名词(短语)作表语:
Helooksunhappy.
Theleafwillturnyellowinautumn.
Thebestproofofloveistrust.
Breadisthestaffoflife.
Ø也可用介词短语作表语:
Beautyisintheeyeofthebeholder.
Ø副词不能作表语:
Helookshappily.(wrong)
Ø在英语中,除了动词以外,还有以下系动词:
a)表主语特征、状态:
feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear
Theironfeelshot.
Thefoodtastesdelicious.
b)表主语由一种状态变为另一种状态:
become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come
fallasleep
gohungry;gosour;gowrong
Hopeyourdreamswillcometrue.
c)表主语保持某种状态:
continue,remain,stay,keep,hold,rest,prove
Theweathercontinuedfineforseveraldays.
Heheldsilentforthewholeday.
Hehasfallenintothehabitofdoingmorningexercisestostayhealthy.
Youmayrestassuredthathewillcometotheparty.
d)近似于不及物动词的系动词:
sit,act,arrive,blush,marry,die,beborn
Alltheaudiencesatsilent.
Hewasbornpoor.
Shemarriedyoung.(Shewasyoungwhenshemarried.)
Hediedyoung.
3主语+谓语+宾语
英语中绝大多数动词适用于这一句型,而且能作宾语的成分很多。
Beautywillbuynobeef.漂亮不能当饭吃。
Iwanttogohomenow.(不定式作宾语)
I’vefinishedreadingthebook.(动名词作宾语)
I’llpickyouupthisevening.(代词作宾语)
4主语+谓语+双宾语
有些动词后边需要两个宾语:
一个指人的宾语,称之为间接宾语;另一个指物的宾语,称之为直接宾语。
间接宾语和直接宾语统称为双宾语。
Heshowedtheguardhispassport.
Iwillbuyyouameal.
Heshowedhispassporttotheguard.
Iwillbuyamealforyou.
5主语+谓语+复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
有些动词后面接宾语时意思不完整,因而在宾语后还需接补充说明宾语的补足语宾语和宾语补足语统称为复合宾语。
常见带复合宾语的动词有:
appoint,believe,call,choose,consider,declare,elect,leave,find,make,vote,etc.
TheyappointedJohnchairman.
Ibelievehimtobetrue.
Thechairmandeclaredthemeetingover.
TheyelectedJohnchairman.
Youcanleavethedooropen.
注意:
区分双宾语和复合宾语
比较:
ImadeJohnourchairman.
ImadeJohnacake.
判断两种宾语的方法:
在宾语后加上be动词,若能构成完整的句子,则是补足语。
Johnisourchairman.
Johnisacake.
句子的类型
句子按结构划分有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种。
简单句只包含一个主谓结构,而且句子的各个成分都由单词或短语表示,但可以有几个宾语、定语和状语。
例如:
1)Timeismoney.
2)Computercanalsohelpchildrenofallageswithlessonsandhomework.
3)Onlybybringingintofullplaytheintelligenceandwisdomofthewholenationcanweattainourloftygoalofaccomplishingsocialistmodernization.
注意:
有两个或两个以上主语或谓语动词的句子,像Heandhisbrotherwenttotownandboughtapileofbooks.这样的句子,再有的语法书上算简单句,但在有的书上算并列句。
并列句包含两个或更多的独立的简单句,用并列连词()连接起来,也可以不用连词而用分号连接。
Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly,andwestoppedourmarching.
Frankwantedtogoswimming;Marydecidedtogoshopping.
Wemustredoubleourefforts,orwewillneverbeabletocatchupwiththeothers.
复合句包含一个主句和一个或更多的从句,并用连词来表明它们之间的关系。
从句可以当全句的某一成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和同位语。
一般说来,主句表述主要的意思,次要从句表述次要的意思。
并列复合句即并列句和复合句的结合。
它至少有两个从句和一个次要从句。
例如:
Whenthebellrang,jackwaslisteningtoatapeandLindawasreading.
AfterIreturnedtoschoolfollowingalongillness,themathteachergavememake-upwork,butthehistoryteachermademedrophercourse.
句型多样化
1.Imetawriterwhoisrelatedtoapolitician.(5)
Imetanewspaperwriterwhoisrelatedtoasenator.(5~6)
ImetacolumnistwhoisrelatedtoasenatorfromNewYork.(6~7)
ImetthecolumnistWilliamF.Buckley,whoisrelatedtoSenatorJamesL.BuckleyofNewYork.(7~8)
ImetthecolumnistWilliamF.Buckley,whoisthebrotherofSenatorJamesL.BuckleyofNewYork.(8)
2.Whetheryourtastesaremodernortraditional,sophisticatedorsimple,thereisplentyinLondonforyou.
3.Nowadays,energycanbeobtainedthroughvarioussourcessuchasoil,coal,naturalgas,solarheat,thewindandoceantides.
4.Wehavegottostudyhard,toenlargeourscopeofknowledge,torealizeourpotentialsandtopayforourlife.
a)Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers. Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittle guilty.
b)Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresortto smoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.
a)ManypeoplethinkbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.
b)Itiswidely/commonlythought/believed/held/acceptedthatbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.
a)ManyChinesepeoplehavegonetotheUnitedStatesinthepast15years.
Thepast15yearshavebroughtmanyChinesepeopletotheUnitedStates.
复杂句
复杂句的六种内部关系:
1.causeandeffect因果关系
标志词:
1)表示原因:
as,since,dueto,owingto
2)表示结果:
hence,thus,therefore,asaconsequence,asaresult,consequently
3)thereby(通过这种方法可以…)
✧Theecologicalproblemsarebeingaggravated;hence,itisimperativethatwetakemeasurestocurbthepollutionoftheenvironment.
✧Thegovernmentshouldraisethepublicawarenessofenvironmentpreservation,therebypromotingsustainabledevelopmentandcreatingamorelivableenvironment.
2.exemplification举例关系
标志词:
take…forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,asanaptillustration,consider,forexample,namely
✧TheAsiancountriesaregettingwesternizedatastaggeringrate.TakeChinaforexample,whenyoungstersgotothemovies,itisstandardpracticeforthemtochooseHollywoodblockbustersoverdomesticfilms.
✧Animalsarehumans’companions.Asanaptillustration,dolphinsoftenrescuesailorsfromsinkingships.
3.comparisonandcontrast对比关系
标志词:
while/whereas/whilst,incontrast
✧While/whereas/whilstmodernmanleadsastressfullife,ourancestorscouldoftenperformtheirbusinessinaleisurelyfashion.
✧Theeducationalandmedicalfacilitiesinbigcitiesaremostlyveryadvanced.Incontrast,theircounterpartsinthecountrytendtobeinferiorquality.
4.concession让步关系
标志词:
despite,inspiteof,notwithstanding,nonetheless,nevertheless,eventhough,evenif
✧Inspiteofthedisadvantagesanimalexperimentationcanbringabout,manyscientistsinsistoncontinuingthispractice.
✧Thegovernmentplaysacrucialroleinscientificresearch;nonetheless,privatecompaniesholdcertainadvantagesinconductingscientificresearch.
5.supposition假设关系
标志词:
providedthat,supposethat
✧Providedthatwecanminimizethepainoftestanimals,animalexperimentationshouldbecontinued.
✧Supposethatlargecompaniesaremovedtothecountryside,thetrafficcongestionincitieswillbealleviatedsubstantially.
6.modification修饰关系
标志词:
that,which
✧Inthisdayandage,wehaveaproliferationofbuildings