微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细.docx
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微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释
Chapter1
businesscycle经济周期
fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction
economics经济学;经济,国家的经济状况
thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarce缺乏的,罕见的resources
efficiencyn.功效;效率,效能;实力,能力;[物]性能;
thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
equalityn.同等,平等;[数]相等,等式;
thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety
externality[,ekst?
?
'n?
l?
t?
]外部性
theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander旁观者;局外人;看热闹的人
incentive
somethingthatinducesapersontoact
Inflation[?
n'fle?
?
(?
)n]
anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy
marginalchanges
smallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofaction
marketeconomy
aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized权力分散;人口疏散;密度分散;decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices
marketfailure
asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配,分派;把…拨给;英[?
?
l?
ke?
t]resourcesefficiently
marketpower
theabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices
opportunitycost
whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
productivity
thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput
propertyrights
theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources
rationalpeople
peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives
scarcity
thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources
Chapter2
circular-flowdiagram
avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;家庭,户andfirms
macroeconomics[,m?
kr?
?
i?
k?
'n?
m?
ks;-ek-]
thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth
microeconomics[,ma?
kr?
?
i?
k?
'n?
m?
ks
thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets
normative['n?
?
m?
t?
v]标准的statements
claimsthatattempttoprescribe定,规定;指定,规定;美[pr?
?
skra?
b]howtheworldshouldbe
positivestatements
claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis
productionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr?
nt?
?
)
agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology
Chapter3
absoluteadvantage
theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer
comparativeadvantage
theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer
exports
goodsproduceddomestically美[d?
'mest?
kl?
】合乎国内的andsoldabroad
imports
goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
opportunitycost
whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Chapter4
competitivemarket完全竞争市场
amarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['sel?
]tradingidentical同一的,完全相同的美[a?
?
d?
nt?
k?
l]productssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker
Complements互补品['kɑmpl?
m?
nt]
twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother
demandcurve需求曲线
agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
demandschedule需求表
atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Equilibrium[,ikw?
'l?
br?
?
m]
均衡
asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded
equilibriumprice均衡价格
thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded
equilibriumquantity
thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice
inferiorgood
劣质品[?
n'f?
?
r?
?
]
agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand
lawofdemand
需求原理
theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
lawofsupply
供给原理
theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
lawofsupplyanddemand
theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance
market
agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice
normalgood
普通商品
agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand
quantitydemanded需求量
theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase
quantitysupplied
theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell
shortage
asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied
substitutes
twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother
supplycurve
agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
supplyschedule
atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
surplus['s?
:
pl?
s]
asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded
Chapter5
cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood
elasticity[,il?
'st?
s?
ti]
n.
弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;
ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
incomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome
priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
totalrevenue(inamarket)总收入;总收益
theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold
Chapter6
priceceiling['si?
l?
?
]
alegalmaximum['m?
ks?
m?
m]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold
pricefloor
alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold
taxincidence['?
ns?
d(?
)ns]
themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket
Chapter7
consumer[k?
n'sju?
m?
]surplus
['s?
?
pl?
s]消费者剩余
theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['ma?
n?
s]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit
cost
thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood
efficiency
thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
equality
thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety
producersurplus
theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit
welfareeconomics
thestudyofhowtheallocation美[?
?
l?
?
ke?
?
n]分配,配给ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being
willingnesstopay受益者负担
themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood
Chapter8
Deadweightloss无谓损失又为社会净损失
thefallintotalsurplus过剩的;多余的[?
s?
:
rpl?
s]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion变形;失真[d?
?
st?
r?
?
n],suchasatax
Chapter9
tariff
n.
关税;关税表;价格表
ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
worldprice
thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood
Chapter10
Coasetheorem['θ?
?
r?
m]科斯定理
thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirown
correctivetax矫正税
ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality
externality[,ekst?
?
'n?
l?
t?
]
n.
外形;外在性;外部事物;(经济学名词)外部效应
theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
internalizingtheexternality内化
alteringincentives[?
n's?
nt?
v]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions
transaction[tr?
n'z?
k?
?
n]交易costs
thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain
Chapter11
clubgoods
goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption
commonresources
goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;包括在外的;
cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析
astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
excludability[?
ks,klu?
d?
'b?
l?
t?
]排他性
thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit
freerider[释义]坐享其成,无本获利;
apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit
privategoods
goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption
publicgoods
goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption
rivalryinconsumption消费竞争
thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse
TragedyoftheCommons?
公共地悲剧
aparable寓言;格言;thatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole
Chapter12
ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则;
theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden
averagetaxrate
totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
benefitsprinciple