宏观期末知识点总结.docx

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宏观期末知识点总结

宏观知识点总结

Chapter26theexchangerateandbalanceofpayment

1.名义利率和实际利率的概念,要区分;二者的关系,那个公式。

明白一国货币升值表示什么意思。

(掌握)

2.tradedweightedindex(了解)

3.对一国货币的供给和需求的分析

一,供给和需求决定汇率,要知道哪些因素影响一国货币的供给和需求,相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动(重点)。

二,对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供给,要清楚某一种货币供给需求变化后,另一种货币的供给和需求会如何变化。

(重点)

4.利率平价和购买力平价(掌握)

5.internationaltrade(了解)

6.汇率政策。

理解什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和crawlingpeg。

注意区分。

(掌握)

Chapter27(AD-ASmodel)

ThemainpurposeofAD-ASmodel:

explainchangesinrealGDPandpricelevel,whichleadstobusinesscyclefluctuationsaroundpotentialGDP.

1、区分宏观中的长短期

宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分:

在长期中,价格是具有伸缩性的,价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态;在短期中,价格是具有粘性的(sticky),实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.

2、总供给(AggregateSupply)

2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。

Thequantityoflaboremployed

Thequantityofphysical,humancapitalQuantityofrealGDPsupplied

ThestateoftechnologyAS

内生变量

Pricelevel

2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围

企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线

企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线

2.2.1长期总供给(long-runaggregatesupply)

a、Inthelongrun,themoneywageratechangesinstepwiththepricelevel;

b、TrytoexplainwhytheLAScurveisvertical.(重点)

thepricelevel

changebytherealwagerate

themoneywagethesamepercentagedoesnotchange

rate

atthefull-employmentlevelrealGDP=potentialGDPpotential

GDPisindependentofthepricelevelLAScurveisvertical

2.2.2短期总供给(short-runaggregatesupply)

a、intheshortrun,themoneywagerate,thepricesofotherresourcesandpotentialGDPremainconstant;

b、TrytoexplainwhytheSAScurveslopesupward.

Intheshortrun,whenthepricelevelrisesrealwageratedeclines

thecostofproductiondecreasesemploymorelaborsincreasesproduction(realGDP)黏性工资模型

在超短期中,总供给曲线是水平的。

2.3总供给的变动

Anincreaseinthe

Full-employment

quantityoflabor

AnincreaseinthechangesinbothofLASandSAS

quantityofcapitalpotentialGDPcurveshift

Anadvancein

technologychanges

inAS

Departuresfrom

full-employment

changesin

ExpectationsaboutthemoneywageonlySAScurveshifts

inflationrate

3、总需求(Aggregatedemand)

3.1总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系

Basicformula:

Y(实际GDP需求量)=C+I+G+(X-M)aggregate

Priceleveldemand

3.2总需求曲线

TrytoexplainwhytheADcurveslopesdownward.

Method1

Pricelevel

realwealth

savingWealthEffect

currentconsumption

AD

IntertemporalsubstitutionSubstitution

InternationalpriceEffcts

Method2

ToanalysistherelationshipbetweenthepricelevelandrealGDPbyusingthequantitytheoryofmoney.

3.3影响总需求变动的因素

Expectation,Fiscalandmonetarypolicy,Theworldeconomic(这部分的变化分析要求理解掌握,课本上有具体的总结解释)

4、短期均衡与长期均衡

短期均衡:

SAS=AD(attention:

themoneywagerateisfixed)

长期均衡:

货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。

(重点)

Inthelong-runequilibrium,potentialGDPdeterminesrealGDP,andpotentialGDPandADdeterminethepricelevel.

凯恩斯主义:

强调短期均衡;新古典主义:

强调长期均衡

5、AS-AD模型的运用(重点)

5.1解释经济增长,经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀

5.2解释经济周期(短期经济波动)

5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应(通胀缺口和萧条缺口)

5.4总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀,思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。

6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派

古典主义:

经济能够自我调节,回归充分就业状态(长期);新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要原因。

凯恩斯主义:

强调政府干预,经济不能自身调节

货币主义:

在货币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下,经济能够自我调节,处于充分就业的均衡状态

Chapter28ExpenditureMultipliers:

TheKeynesianModel

凯恩斯模型前提假设:

1.Price-levelisfixed

2.AggregatedemanddeterminesrealGDP

Aggregateplannedexpenditure:

C+I+G+X-M(注意均为planned的情况而非实际情况,C,M有部分是自发性的

1Consumptionandsaving

a.Factorsinfluenceconsumptionandsaving:

1.Disposalincome增加(减少),c,s增加(减少);

2.Realinterestrate增加(减少),c减少(增加),s增加(减少);

3.Wealth增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加);

4.Expectedfutureincome增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加)

b.Consumption,savingfunctionsP673

c.MPC,MPS,MPI:

MPC+MPS=1,MPI=changesininvestment/changesinrealGDP

2AggregatePlannedExpenditure

a.Autonomousexpenditure:

I,G,X,部分C,M

Inducedexpenditure:

C,M

计算autonomousexpenditure:

realGDP=0时的aggregateplannedexpenditure

b.AECurveP677

c.Actualaggregateexpenditure=RealGDP

Aggregateplannedexpenditure≠RealGDP(inventories的作用)

Aggregateplannedexpenditure>RealGDP,inventories减少;

Aggregateplannedexpenditure<RealGDP,inventories增加。

d.Equilibriumexpenditure:

Aggregateplannedexpenditure=RealGDP

3Multiplier

Multiplier=changesinequilibriumexpenditure/changesinautonomousexpenditure=△Y/△A

=1/(1-theslopeofAE)

Multiplier>1的原因:

autonomousexpenditure的增加会带来realGDP增加,进而增加inducedexpenditure。

当无incometax,imports时,multiplier=1/(1-MPC)=1/MPS

当有incometax,imports时,multiplier<1/(1-MPC),1/MPS

4AS-ADandAggregateexpendituremodels

a.veryshortrun(物价不变,SAS水平,P687)

investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移

Multiplier=△Y/△A

b.shortrun(物价改变,SAS倾斜,P688)

investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,RealGDP减少

Multiplier会小于当物价不变的情况

c.longrun(物价改变,RealGDP=PotentialGDP,P689)

investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,Moneywagerate增加→SAS左移并最终和AD相交回到PotentialGDP水平,AE减少到原水平

Multiplier=0

Chapter29

1.demand-pullinflation(MoneyWageRate调节)

Aninflationthatstartsbecauseaggregatedemandincreases

ADemand-PullInflationProcess(P703图)

2.cost-pushinflation(Anincreaseincost:

themoneywagerateorthemoneypriceofrawmaterials)

ACost-PushInflationProcess(P705图)

Stagflation:

thecombinationofarisingpricelevelandadecreasingrealGDP

重点掌握两种类型的图

3.expectedinflation.(作图)

影响AD和AS的因素

4.(重点)short-runPhilipscurve

(Theexpectedinflationrate,thenaturalunemploymentrate)

当expectedinflationrate=actualinflationrate时,

unemploymentrate=naturalunemploymentrate

5.(重点)long-runPhilipscurve(actualinflationrate=expectedinflationrate)

P209的两个图,short-run和long-run分别怎么变动要掌握

6.businesscycle的各种理论(了解)

Mainstreambusinesscycletheory,Realbusinesscycletheory

Chapter30fiscalpolicy

1.Fiscalpolicyistheuseofthefederalbudgettoachievemacroeconomicobjectives,suchasfullemployment,sustainedeconomicgrowth,andpricelevelstability.

2.Thefederalbudgetistheannualstatementofthefederalgovernment’soutlaysandtaxrevenues

3.Fiscalpolicyhasimportanteffectsonemployment,potentialGDP,andaggregatesupply—calledsupply-sideeffects.(重点掌握如何作图)

(1)Theeffectsoftheincometaxonaggregatesupply。

主要看课本Figure30.5的两个图(重点注意taxwedge(税收楔形)

Thesupply-sideeffectofariseintheincometaxdecreasespotentialGDPanddecreasesaggregatesupply

Taxesonconsumptionexpenditureaddtothetaxwedge.

Thereasonisthatataxonconsumptionraisesthepricespaidforconsumptiongoodsandservicesandisequivalenttoacutintherealwagerate

(2)theeffectsofataxoncapitalincome(interest)主要看课本上Figure30.6

Ataxdecreasesthesupplyofloanablefunds.Andinvestmentandsavingdecrease.

Ataxwedgeisdrivenbetweentherealinterestrateandtherealafter-taxinterestrate.

(3)TaxRevenuesandtheLafferCurve(拉弗曲线)

TherelationshipbetweenthetaxrateandtheamountoftaxrevenuecollectediscalledtheLaffercurve.见课本Figure30.7

4.generationalaccounting,fiscalimbalance,generationalimbalance(了解)

5.FiscalStimulus:

Afiscalstimulusistheuseoffiscalpolicytoincreaseproductionandemployment主要分为以下两种政策:

Automaticfiscalpolicy(自动稳定的财政政策)isafiscalpolicyactiontriggeredbythestateoftheeconomywithnogovernmentaction.

Discretionaryfiscalpolicy(相机抉择的财政政策)isapolicyactionthatisinitiatedbyanactofCongress.

(1)在Automaticfiscalpolicy这一块的知识点中主要掌握结构性平衡和周期性平衡,弄清楚结构性盈余和赤字以及周期性盈余和赤字

ThestructuralsurplusordeficitisthebudgetbalancethatwouldoccuriftheeconomywereatfullemploymentandrealGDPwereequaltopotentialGDP.

Thecyclicalsurplusordeficitistheactualsurplusordeficitminusthestructuralsurplusordeficit.(主要看课本上Figure30.9)

(2)在Discretionaryfiscalpolicy这一块的知识中主要掌握governmentexpendituremultiplier(政府支出乘数效应)thequantityeffectofachangeingovernmentexpenditureonrealGDP.(要重点掌握如何作图表现这一乘数效应,Figure30.11要特别注意以下几种情况:

a.WhengovernmentexpenditureincreasesrealGDP,incomesriseandahigherincomebringaincreaseinconsumptionexpenditure.Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceoftheincreaseingovernmentexpenditure,themultiplierwouldbe>1

b.whengovernmentexpenditureincreases,governmentborrowingincreaseandraisestherealinterestrate.Withthehighercostofborrowing,investmentdecreases,whichwillpartlyoffsetstheincreaseingovernmentspending.Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceoftheincreaseingovernmentexpenditure,themultiplierwouldbe<1.

cTheactualmultiplierdependsonwhichaboveeffectisstronger.

(3)Thetaxmultiplieristhequantityeffectachangeintaxesonaggregatedemand

 

Chapter31MonetaryPolicy

1、掌握monetarypolicy的objective

Maximumemployment、Moderatelong-terminterestrates、Stableprices(主要目标)

2、如何conductmonetarypolicy?

Fed通过openmarketoperation首先影响federalfundsrate,接着影响interestrate,然后影响quantityofmoney,最后影响aggregatedemand.

注意:

federalfundsrate是bank持有reserve的cost

具体的processoftransmission见书上759

3、Fed如何fightrecession/inflation?

●当经济处于recession的时候,Fed会降低federalfundsrate使得monetarybase增加,从而使得interestrate减少,间接导致plannedexpenditure增加,由于乘数效应,realGDP会增长到potentialGDP.

(书上762-763这4个图要掌握)

●当经济处于inflation的时候,Fed会增加Fedfundsrate使得monetarybase减少,从而使得interestrate增加,间接导致plannedexpenditure减少,由于乘数效应,realGDP会减少到potentialGDP.

(书上764-765这4个图要掌握).

 

 

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