句子及主谓.docx
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句子及主谓
句子
1,概念:
一个语言单位,由词按照语法规律构成,表示一个完整独立的思想。
有标点符号。
2,分类:
按使用目的分类:
陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句
按结构分类:
简单句,并列句,复合句
3,陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句
(1)陈述句说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法
(2)疑问句提出问题(一般疑问,特殊疑问,选择问句,反意问句)
(3)祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等,谓语动词用原形
(4)感叹句表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气忿等情绪
3,简单句,并列句和复合句
(1)如果句子只包含一个主谓结构,而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示,就是简单句
Theteachersandthestudentsalllikedtheplaceandwantedtostaytherealittlelonger.
(2)如果句子包含有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,就是并列句。
并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接,也可以用逗号隔开。
Thecamera-workisperfectandthecastisgood.
Hurryup,it’sgettinglate.
(3)复合句中包含有两个或更多的主谓结构,其中有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分,如:
主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,同位语等
WhatIwanttoemphasizeisthis.
Weshouldneverpretendtoknowwhatwedon’tknow.
Thereissomethinginwhatyousaid.
That’sexactlywhatIamplanningtodo.
Wearelookingforwardtothedaywhenwewillmeetagain.
Turnoffthelightbeforeyouleavetheroom
SooncamethenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.
主语
1,主语可以用以下成分充当
(1)名词Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.
(2)代词Whoisspeaking?
(3)数词Twothirdsoftheworkersarewomen.
(4)动名词Livinginthatislandcountryforthreemonthswasanunforgettableexperienceforme.
(5)不定式Totranslatethisideaintorealityneedshardwork.
(6)词组或复合结构Toeachaccordingtohisworkisasocialistprinciple.
(7)从句Whathashappenedprovesthatourpolicyisright.
(8)名词化的其它词类“A”isanarticle.
2,以it做主语的句子
(1)代替刚提到过的一件事物
What’sthis?
-Itisaharvester.
(2)起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物
Whoisknockingatthedoor?
-It’sme.
(3)表示时间,天气,距离等
Itisratherwindytoday.
(4)改变一个句子的结构,强调这个句子中的某一成分
It’smethatheblamed.
It’sshewhoyoushouldask.
itis+.....+that句子其他成分强调句句型结构
(5)代替一个由不定式,动名词短语或是从句表示的主语,使原来的这些主语可以放在句子后面,免得句子头重脚轻。
Itisfoolishofyoutobestillworryingaboutit.
Itisnousedoingsomething.
nogooduselesssenselessnuisanceworthwhilewastedangerous
这些单词可以用于后面接动名词的结构
3,用从句做主语的句子
(1)由what等代词引起的主语从句
Whattheyareafterisprofit.Beafter追求,追逐
(2)由连词that引起的主语从句
It’snotyourfaultthatthishashappened.
(3)由连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句
Whentheywillcomehasn’tbeenmadepublic.Thetimethattheywillcome
4,以there引起的句子,主语就是be动词后面的东西
有时也用seemtobe,happentobe,belikelytobe,beboundtobe,live,come,enter,stand,occur,lie这些结构来引起
Therehappenedtobenobodyintheroom.
Oncetherelivedanoldfishermaninvillagebythesea.
Thereusedtobeacinemahere.
谓语
1,分类:
(1)简单谓语:
只有一个动词的谓语
(2)复合谓语:
由多个部分构成
情态动词+动词,系动词+表语
2,主谓一致
如果主语是一个抽象概念,谓语动词都用单数形式
Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.
当主语中包含有and时,如果表示一个单一概念,谓语要用单数动词,否则用复数动词
Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.
(1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,nolessthan,like,butexcept等引起的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式:
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
NobodybutJackandAmywasthere.
(2)each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待:
Eachofushassomethingtosay.
Iseverybodyready?
What,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单数,也可以是复数,主要靠意思决定
Whichisyourroom?
Hereissomemore.
None作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联想的是复数还是单数概念。
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.
Noneofushasgotacamera.
None在代表不可数的东西时总是看做单数
Noneofthisworriesme.
Either,neither通常作单数看待
Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.
(3)People,police,cattle,poultry等通常作复数。
Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.
有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定。
Thepublicconsistsofyouandme.
Theclassarereading.
有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数。
Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth
Wherearetheheadquarters?
(4)number,variety,proportion,majority,population等词有时作单数看,有时作复数,主要从意思上来决定。
Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
Themajorityofthewaterispolluted.
(5)当一个句子有两个主语,而它们又是由either…or或neither...nor连接起来时,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致。
EitheryouorTomistodothework.
Neithermywifenormyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.
There或here引起,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。
Therewascarvedontheboardadragonandaphoenix.
宾语
1,分类
直接宾语&间接宾语
Shehasorderedtwoticketsfortheseven-thirtyshow.
Pleaseshowmeyourpassport.
2,宾语的充当
(1)名词:
Showyourpassports,please!
(2)代词:
Theydidn’tpromisehimanythingdefinitely.Define
(3)数词:
Howmanydoyouneed?
-Weneedtwo.
(4)名词化的形容词或其它东西:
Thestretcherteamscarriedtheseriouslywounded.
(5)动名词:
Ienjoyedworkingwithyou.
(6)不定式:
Hopetoseeyouagain.
(7)复合结构:
Youwillfindthepaineasingupinafewhours.
(8)从句:
Seethateverythingisreadybyhalfpastten
3,复合宾语
(1)名词(或代词)+不定式:
ThedoctoradvisedMarytohavemoreexercise.
(2)名词(或代词)+分词:
Wehadthephotographtakenwhenwewereworkinginthefields.
(3)名词(或代词)+名词:
Theymadethegirlvice-directorofthefactory.Makesbsth
(4)名词(或代词)+形容词:
Heprovedhimselfworthyofconfidence.
4,宾语从句
(1)由连接代词或副词引起的宾语从句:
Couldyoutellmewhereyouarefrom?
(2)由关系代词型what等代词引起的宾语从句:
Wealwaysmeanwhatwesay.
(3)由that引起的宾语从句:
HerequestedthatthePremiergranthimaninterview.
5直接引语和间接引语
1.________makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever
2.Itworriedherabit____herhairwasturninggrey.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for
3.Whenandwhyhecamehere________yet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown
4.________isnoreasonfordismissingher.A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.OwingtoafewminuteslateC.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate
5.________Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom________.A.That…thatyouhadexpectedB.What…thatyouhadexpectedC.That…whatyouhadexpectedD.What…whatyouhadexpected
6.________wegoswimmingeveryday________usalotofgood.A.If...doB.That...doC.If...doesD.That...does
7.It________Bobdrivesbadly.A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthat
8.It'suncertain________theexperimentisworthdoing.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how
9.________theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which
10.____wecan'tgetseemsbetterthan____wehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what
11.____youdon'tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether
12..____we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where
13._________isgoingtodothejobwillbedecidedbythePartycommittee.A.ThatB.WhyC.HowD.Who
14._______we'llfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhatD.That
15.______hewon'tgothereiscleartoallofus.A.HowB.WhatC.WhyD.This
16.______thehousewillbebuiltwillbediscussedattomorrow'smeeting.A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.What
17.._______youcomeornotisuptoyou.A.WhatB.IfC.WhyD.Whether
18.._______makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Anybody
19.._______teamwillwinthematchisamatterofpublicconcern.A.WhichB.ThatC.IfD.How
20..________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who
[参考答案]1-10 CBACD DDCAA 11-20CBDAC BDCAC
Ⅰ.选择题:
1._____ as much as one-fifth of all timber harvested is not used.A. The estimate B. The estimate C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that2. _____ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known. A. Which B. Since C. Although D. How 3. _____ we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. However D. That 4. _____ wealthy does not necessarily mean that a man is greedy. A. For the reason that he is B. Just because he is C. The reason of being D. That he is 5. Although _____ happened in this developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur elsewhere in the world. A. which B. what C. how D. it6. _____ she had forgotten to take her notebook. A. That occurred to her B. She occurred that C. To her that occurred D. It occurred to her that7. I am sure that _____ she said is wrong. A. which B. all C. this D. what8. We lost our way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was that it was getting dark. A. that B. which C. it D. what9. _____ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known. A. Which B. Since C. Although D. How 10. _____ or not is still uncertain. A. He’s coming B. If he is coming C. That coming D. Whether he’s coming11. It’s _____ he’ll be able to come. A. doubt whether B. doubtful C. doubt it D. doubtful whether 12. _____ he is at work in the heart of the big city or at home in the quiet suburb, Dick’s life is tied to machines. A. Whether B. Till C. If D. Unless13. _____ he saw both surprised and frightened him. A. That B. When C. What D. Which14. _____ is a spell of warm sunshine. A. What do we all need. B. What all we need C. What we need D. What we all need15. _____ is a pity that he should feel so upset. A. What B. That C. He D. It16. _____ a spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon. A. Remarkable B. Quite remarkably C. It is remarkable that D. It is remarkable fact that17. _____ you nominate will be elected. A. Who B. Whom C. Whomever D. That’s 18. _____ book you borrow must be returned within a week. A. What B. Which C. Whichever D. That’s 19. _____ of us gets home first starts cooking. A. Who B. Which C. Whichever D. Anyone20. _____orders he gives are obeyed. A. Wh