英文病例书写学习.docx

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英文病例书写学习.docx

英文病例书写学习

英文病例书写学习

  整理有关英文病例的写作,提供大家查考:

  一、主要调查项目:

  1.主诉chiefcomplaint:

weakness,malaise,chills,fever,sleep,pain,headache,appetite,weight,stomachandbowels,nauseaandvomiting,diarrhea,urine,  genitalia,neuropsychiatricdisorders,respiration,shortnessofbreath,bleedingor  discharge,etc.2.现症历presentillness:

onset(date,mode),durationbeforepresententry,excitingcauseandenvironmentalinfluences,prodromalsymptoms,generalsymptoms,  courseorprogress(location,duration,severity,continuity,intermission,radiation,  treatment),aggravatingandalleviatingfactors,lossofweight,appetiteandstrength,sleep,bowelmovement,frequencyofurination,menstruation,etc.3.既往历pasthistory:

  1)formerplacesofresidence,previousstageofhealth(健壮的robust,纤弱的delicate),experiencewithsimilardisease,immunitytoinfectiousdisease2)previousillness:

麻疹measles,腮腺炎mumps,水痘chicken-pox,百日咳pertussis,流行性感冒influenza,猩红热scarletfever,白喉diphtheria,伤寒typhoidfever,支气管炎bronchitis,肺炎pneumonia,脑炎encephalitis,脑膜炎meningitis,破伤风tetanus,小儿麻痹poliomyelitis,赤痢dysentery,霍乱cholera,胸膜炎pleurisy,天花small-pox,疟疾malaria,结核病tuberculosis,黄疸病jaundice,过敏性反应allergy,etc  3)venerealdisease:

specificsymptoms,signs,andthediseasebyname,treatment.4)Accidents(date,anydisability,sequelae),operationandhospitalization(date,procedure,nameofhospital,physician,complications,bleedingtendency)4.家族历familyhistory:

familytendency,presenceofhereditarydisorders,cancer,tuberculosis,mentaldisorderandnervousaffection,rheumatism,diabetes,  hypertension,cerebralvascularaccident,hemophilia,syphilis,tumor,epilespsy,allergy,contactwithdiseasedindividuals,relationshipofpatient’schildhoodandadultlife,age,healthcondition,andcauseofdeathofparents,grandparents,self,spouse,siblings,orrelatives.5.个人历personalhistory:

  1)Socialhistory:

fears,metalstatus,education,financialcondition,numberofdependents,familyharmonyorfractious,hygienicconditionathome  2)Maritalhistory:

durationofmarriage,1stor2ndmarriage,ageanddeathofspouseandchildren,causeandageattimeofdeath,numberofchildren,pregnancies,流产次数miscarriages,死产数stillbirths  3)occupationalhistory:

durationofemployment,pastwork,exactnatureofwork,exposuretooccupationalhazards,whetherworkissatisfactoryornot.4)Habits:

alcohol,tobacco,narcotic,coffee,tea,appetite,foodhabits,regularityof  meals,rapidityofeating,bowelmovements,sleep,exercise,interests,etc.6.系统检查systemreview:

  1)General:

nutrition,fever,nightsweats,tremor,weightgainorloss,weakness,allergy.  2)Skin:

荨麻疹hives,rash,eczema3)Head:

trauma,headache,lossofhair4)Eyes:

vision,painglassesdiplopia.  5)Ears:

pain,discharge,deafness,tinnitus.  6)Nose:

obstruction,discharge,epistaxis,rhinitis.  7)Mouth:

teeth,lips,gums,tongue,disturbanceintaste.  8)Throat.:

sorethroat,tonsillitis,脓性扁桃腺炎quinsy,dysphagia9)Neck:

adenitis,goiter,rigidity10)Cardiorespiratory:

palpitation,tachycardia,bloodpressure,chestpain,dyspnea,cough,hemoptysis,seasonalcold,expectoration.  11)Gastrointestinal:

appetite,nausea,vomiting,distress(beforeoraftermeals),melena,colic,jaundice,fullness,hernia,hemorrhoid,constipation,diarrhea,frequencyofbowelmovement,heartburn,idiosyncrasies,relationofsymptomstoeating,typeandquantityoffood  12)Genito-urinary:

dysuria,urinaryfrequency,dribbling,hematuria,pyuria,nocturia  andvolume,enuresis,incontinence,soresaboutexternalgenitalia,symptomssuggestiveofsyphilis(mucouspatches,fallinghair),urethraldischarge,exposuretovenerealinfection,obstetrichistory,catamenia(ageofonset,dateoflastperiod,cycleandamount,periodicity,dysmenorrheal,menopause)leucorrhea,associatedheadache  13)Neuromuscular:

神经过敏nervousness,emotionalstress,weakness,muscleorjointpains,convulsion,numbness,neuralgia,anesthesia,muscularatrophiesordysatrophies,deformities.二、病历与时态  1.现症历(presentillness):

  1)A.现在式:

表示一般的真理、职业、人格、习惯和现在的事实、动作或状态。

  例1:

Sedentaryhabitsofteninterferewithhealth  例2:

Heismentallyderangedanddisorientedastotime,place,andperson例3:

Hegetsupat6everymorning.  B.现在进行式表示现在某动作正在进行中。

例1:

Bothhisparentsarestilllivingandwell.例2:

Thepatientsisgettingworseandworse.例3:

Thepatientsisprogressivelydoingwell.  C.表「经常的习惯」也用进行式,通常与always,constantly等副词连用。

例1:

Heisalwaystakinganapinclass.  例2:

Heisconstantlyforgettingpeoples’names.例3:

Heisforevercomplainingofheadaches.D.通常不用进行式的动词。

  a)不随意动词(Verbsofinvoluntaryactions):

  -知觉(perception):

feel,hear,notice,see,smell等。

  例1:

Wheneverhehasacold,hecanneithertastenorsmell.  -知识(knowledge):

believe,(dis)agree,doubt,find,forget,know,mind,remember,think,understand等。

  例1:

Shedoesnotrememberspecificscratcheswhichmighthaveprecededthepresentlesions.  -感情(emotion):

desire,despise,disgust,fear,hate,hope,(dis)like,love,prefer,want等。

  例1:

Helikeslobster,butitdisagreeswithhim.  b)表示继续状态的动词(Verbsofcontinuousstate):

表示存在、所有等动  词:

appear,be,belong,consist,flow,have,hold,live,look,possess,resemble,seem等。

  例1:

Herfingersandhandsarestiffandcyanotic.例2:

Hehasnodiscomfortandeatswell.2)A.现在完成式(Have+)  a)表示动作的完了(completionofanaction)或其结果的现在状态(presentstateofthings):

  例1:

Thepatienthaspassedthecrisis.=Thepatientisoutofdangernow.例2:

Hehascaughtcold.=Hehasacoldnow.  注:

常用的连用副词为:

allthiswhile,(not)yet,already,just,now,bythistime,today,thisweek(ormonth,year,etc.),hitherto,tillnow,upto(till)now,recently,lately,oflate等。

  比较:

过去式仅表示过去的动作状态;现在完成式则以表示现在为主。

例1:

Hehadnoappetiteforfood.(过去式)→表示过去某时有过食欲不振  例2:

Latelyhehadhadnoappetiteforfood.(现在完成式)→表示现在仍然胃口不佳。

  b)表示截至现在为止的经验(experience):

  例1:

Hehasseldomconsultedadoctorinhislife.  例2:

Hehasneverbeentreatedbyadoctorsincehewasborn.  注:

表示经验时,常用的副词为:

ever,before,once,manytimes,(very)often,seldom,sometimes,inone’stime等副词。

  比较:

同一动词有时表示完了,有时表示经验,视其所连用的副词而决定。

  例1:

Hehasjustundergoneanephrectomy.→表示动作完了。

例2:

Hehasundergoneanephrectomyonce.→表示经验。

c)表示截至现在为止的动作或状态的继续  例1:

Hehasbeendeafintheleftearsincetheageof18andhasexperiencedslightdizzinessonstooping.  例2:

Exceptfroaslightlossofenergy,hehasalwaysfeltwell.  例3:

Forthepast10yearshehashadpersistentandhigh-pitchedtinnitusinhisleftear,consistingabuzzingsensationand,occasionally,thesoundsofbells.  注:

常用的连用副词为:

since,always,from,for,these,howlong?

B.现在完成进行式(Havebeen+~ing)  a)表示以前开始的动作继续到现在的状态:

  例1:

Hecamehere2weeksago,andhasbeenlyingsickwithacoldsincethen.  例2:

Thepatienthasrecentlyhadexperienceofmemorylossandofspellsofdizziness.Forthepreceding5yearsshehasbeenreceivingtreatmentforhypertension.b)表示「习惯」:

  例1:

Thepatienthasbeensmokingexcessively.  例2:

Shehasbeenchewingawadofbubblegumallday.  注:

常用的连用副词为:

since,for,howlong?

these,form,always等。

比较:

  例1:

Hehasbeenlearningmedicinefor5years.(继续)例2:

Hehaslearnedmedicinefor5years.(经验)  2.既往历(pasthistory):

大半用过去式,但发生过去某一定时间以前者,宜用过去完成式;如果疾病发生的前后关系甚明显,或以年代顺序记载时,仍可用过去式。

  1)A.过去式:

用以表示过去的动作、状态、习惯等且与现在的情形毫无关联。

  a)发生于过去某时者:

  例1:

Anunknownnumberofyearsagohewassaidtohavepneumonia.  例2:

Inadditiontotheabovesymptoms,henotedsomevagueabdominalpainforacoupleofmonthsinthepast.  例3:

Atthattimeshehadaslightnonproductivecoughandmildexertionaldyspnea.  例4:

Beforetherapy,shewasunabletoswallowanythingbutsmallsipsofwater.  b)过去某时以后的状态:

  例1:

Inthepreviousmonthshenoticedthatthestoolsweregreatlyflattened.Subsequentlyshebecameawareofabearing-downpaintherectum.  例2:

Menarcheoccurredatage13,thereaftermenseswereregular,every28days,lasting3to4dayseachtime.  例3:

Thepatienthadtinnitusinhisleftear10yearsbeforebeingdischargedforthemilitaryservice.Severalyearlater,henotedlossofhearingontheleft.  例4:

InJune1956,asterilizingoperationwasperformedatahospital.Fortheensuing5monthsthepatientwastroubledwithintermittentattacksofvagueabdominalpain.  例5:

Twoyearsafterthisepisodeshehadoneshortattackofvertigobuthasbeenattack-freefor2years.  注1:

过去式常用的连用副词:

ago,lastnight,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,thismorning,justnow等。

  注2:

现在完成和过去两者都可用的连用副词:

just,ever,lately,recently,once,always,already,thismorning,today,everynight,thisweek,these  fewdays,forthelastfewdays,sincelastweek,before,yet等。

  B.表示过去的习惯时,须用usedto,was(were)accustomedto~或hadthehabitto~等。

用would来表示过去的习惯时,大抵与often,sometimes等副词连用。

  例1:

Heusedtoworkfarintothenight.  例2:

Hewouldsometimescomehomedrunk,andbeathiswife.  C.过去进行式(Be动词的过去式+pres.p.):

表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作:

  例1:

Onesisterwassufferingfromactivetuberculosis.  例2:

Hewashavingmildsymptomsoffeverandnauseaatthetimehewasseen.  例3:

Hewasraisinglargeamountsofpurulentsputumatthattime.D.过去完成式(Had+):

表示截至过去某一时间为止的动作的完了、经验、继续等。

  a)完了(completion):

  例1:

Thepatienthadalreadyexpiredwhenhecame.例2:

Bythattimehehadimmunizedagainstsmallpox.  连用副词:

already,bythattime,(not)yet,onlyjust等。

b)经验(experience):

  例1:

Tillthenhehadneverseenso-calledbone-setter.例2:

Hecouldnotrepeatwhathehadsaidbefore.c)继续(continuance):

  例1:

Hehadlongbeenillinbed.  例2:

Hehadbeenillinbedforalongtime.  E.过去完成进行式(Hadbeen+pres.p.):

表示继续过去某一时间的动作。

例1:

Uptothattime,hehadbeendrinkingmushwine.  例2:

Duetoherincreasingconstipation,shehadbeentakinglaxativesdailyforoneyearbeforeadmission.比较:

  例1:

Iwassleepingwhenhecame.(过去进行式)  例2:

Ihadbeensleepingforanhourbeforeh

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