英文病例书写学习.docx
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英文病例书写学习
英文病例书写学习
整理有关英文病例的写作,提供大家查考:
一、主要调查项目:
1.主诉chiefcomplaint:
weakness,malaise,chills,fever,sleep,pain,headache,appetite,weight,stomachandbowels,nauseaandvomiting,diarrhea,urine, genitalia,neuropsychiatricdisorders,respiration,shortnessofbreath,bleedingor discharge,etc.2.现症历presentillness:
onset(date,mode),durationbeforepresententry,excitingcauseandenvironmentalinfluences,prodromalsymptoms,generalsymptoms, courseorprogress(location,duration,severity,continuity,intermission,radiation, treatment),aggravatingandalleviatingfactors,lossofweight,appetiteandstrength,sleep,bowelmovement,frequencyofurination,menstruation,etc.3.既往历pasthistory:
1)formerplacesofresidence,previousstageofhealth(健壮的robust,纤弱的delicate),experiencewithsimilardisease,immunitytoinfectiousdisease2)previousillness:
麻疹measles,腮腺炎mumps,水痘chicken-pox,百日咳pertussis,流行性感冒influenza,猩红热scarletfever,白喉diphtheria,伤寒typhoidfever,支气管炎bronchitis,肺炎pneumonia,脑炎encephalitis,脑膜炎meningitis,破伤风tetanus,小儿麻痹poliomyelitis,赤痢dysentery,霍乱cholera,胸膜炎pleurisy,天花small-pox,疟疾malaria,结核病tuberculosis,黄疸病jaundice,过敏性反应allergy,etc 3)venerealdisease:
specificsymptoms,signs,andthediseasebyname,treatment.4)Accidents(date,anydisability,sequelae),operationandhospitalization(date,procedure,nameofhospital,physician,complications,bleedingtendency)4.家族历familyhistory:
familytendency,presenceofhereditarydisorders,cancer,tuberculosis,mentaldisorderandnervousaffection,rheumatism,diabetes, hypertension,cerebralvascularaccident,hemophilia,syphilis,tumor,epilespsy,allergy,contactwithdiseasedindividuals,relationshipofpatient’schildhoodandadultlife,age,healthcondition,andcauseofdeathofparents,grandparents,self,spouse,siblings,orrelatives.5.个人历personalhistory:
1)Socialhistory:
fears,metalstatus,education,financialcondition,numberofdependents,familyharmonyorfractious,hygienicconditionathome 2)Maritalhistory:
durationofmarriage,1stor2ndmarriage,ageanddeathofspouseandchildren,causeandageattimeofdeath,numberofchildren,pregnancies,流产次数miscarriages,死产数stillbirths 3)occupationalhistory:
durationofemployment,pastwork,exactnatureofwork,exposuretooccupationalhazards,whetherworkissatisfactoryornot.4)Habits:
alcohol,tobacco,narcotic,coffee,tea,appetite,foodhabits,regularityof meals,rapidityofeating,bowelmovements,sleep,exercise,interests,etc.6.系统检查systemreview:
1)General:
nutrition,fever,nightsweats,tremor,weightgainorloss,weakness,allergy. 2)Skin:
荨麻疹hives,rash,eczema3)Head:
trauma,headache,lossofhair4)Eyes:
vision,painglassesdiplopia. 5)Ears:
pain,discharge,deafness,tinnitus. 6)Nose:
obstruction,discharge,epistaxis,rhinitis. 7)Mouth:
teeth,lips,gums,tongue,disturbanceintaste. 8)Throat.:
sorethroat,tonsillitis,脓性扁桃腺炎quinsy,dysphagia9)Neck:
adenitis,goiter,rigidity10)Cardiorespiratory:
palpitation,tachycardia,bloodpressure,chestpain,dyspnea,cough,hemoptysis,seasonalcold,expectoration. 11)Gastrointestinal:
appetite,nausea,vomiting,distress(beforeoraftermeals),melena,colic,jaundice,fullness,hernia,hemorrhoid,constipation,diarrhea,frequencyofbowelmovement,heartburn,idiosyncrasies,relationofsymptomstoeating,typeandquantityoffood 12)Genito-urinary:
dysuria,urinaryfrequency,dribbling,hematuria,pyuria,nocturia andvolume,enuresis,incontinence,soresaboutexternalgenitalia,symptomssuggestiveofsyphilis(mucouspatches,fallinghair),urethraldischarge,exposuretovenerealinfection,obstetrichistory,catamenia(ageofonset,dateoflastperiod,cycleandamount,periodicity,dysmenorrheal,menopause)leucorrhea,associatedheadache 13)Neuromuscular:
神经过敏nervousness,emotionalstress,weakness,muscleorjointpains,convulsion,numbness,neuralgia,anesthesia,muscularatrophiesordysatrophies,deformities.二、病历与时态 1.现症历(presentillness):
1)A.现在式:
表示一般的真理、职业、人格、习惯和现在的事实、动作或状态。
例1:
Sedentaryhabitsofteninterferewithhealth 例2:
Heismentallyderangedanddisorientedastotime,place,andperson例3:
Hegetsupat6everymorning. B.现在进行式表示现在某动作正在进行中。
例1:
Bothhisparentsarestilllivingandwell.例2:
Thepatientsisgettingworseandworse.例3:
Thepatientsisprogressivelydoingwell. C.表「经常的习惯」也用进行式,通常与always,constantly等副词连用。
例1:
Heisalwaystakinganapinclass. 例2:
Heisconstantlyforgettingpeoples’names.例3:
Heisforevercomplainingofheadaches.D.通常不用进行式的动词。
a)不随意动词(Verbsofinvoluntaryactions):
-知觉(perception):
feel,hear,notice,see,smell等。
例1:
Wheneverhehasacold,hecanneithertastenorsmell. -知识(knowledge):
believe,(dis)agree,doubt,find,forget,know,mind,remember,think,understand等。
例1:
Shedoesnotrememberspecificscratcheswhichmighthaveprecededthepresentlesions. -感情(emotion):
desire,despise,disgust,fear,hate,hope,(dis)like,love,prefer,want等。
例1:
Helikeslobster,butitdisagreeswithhim. b)表示继续状态的动词(Verbsofcontinuousstate):
表示存在、所有等动 词:
appear,be,belong,consist,flow,have,hold,live,look,possess,resemble,seem等。
例1:
Herfingersandhandsarestiffandcyanotic.例2:
Hehasnodiscomfortandeatswell.2)A.现在完成式(Have+) a)表示动作的完了(completionofanaction)或其结果的现在状态(presentstateofthings):
例1:
Thepatienthaspassedthecrisis.=Thepatientisoutofdangernow.例2:
Hehascaughtcold.=Hehasacoldnow. 注:
常用的连用副词为:
allthiswhile,(not)yet,already,just,now,bythistime,today,thisweek(ormonth,year,etc.),hitherto,tillnow,upto(till)now,recently,lately,oflate等。
比较:
过去式仅表示过去的动作状态;现在完成式则以表示现在为主。
例1:
Hehadnoappetiteforfood.(过去式)→表示过去某时有过食欲不振 例2:
Latelyhehadhadnoappetiteforfood.(现在完成式)→表示现在仍然胃口不佳。
b)表示截至现在为止的经验(experience):
例1:
Hehasseldomconsultedadoctorinhislife. 例2:
Hehasneverbeentreatedbyadoctorsincehewasborn. 注:
表示经验时,常用的副词为:
ever,before,once,manytimes,(very)often,seldom,sometimes,inone’stime等副词。
比较:
同一动词有时表示完了,有时表示经验,视其所连用的副词而决定。
例1:
Hehasjustundergoneanephrectomy.→表示动作完了。
例2:
Hehasundergoneanephrectomyonce.→表示经验。
c)表示截至现在为止的动作或状态的继续 例1:
Hehasbeendeafintheleftearsincetheageof18andhasexperiencedslightdizzinessonstooping. 例2:
Exceptfroaslightlossofenergy,hehasalwaysfeltwell. 例3:
Forthepast10yearshehashadpersistentandhigh-pitchedtinnitusinhisleftear,consistingabuzzingsensationand,occasionally,thesoundsofbells. 注:
常用的连用副词为:
since,always,from,for,these,howlong?
B.现在完成进行式(Havebeen+~ing) a)表示以前开始的动作继续到现在的状态:
例1:
Hecamehere2weeksago,andhasbeenlyingsickwithacoldsincethen. 例2:
Thepatienthasrecentlyhadexperienceofmemorylossandofspellsofdizziness.Forthepreceding5yearsshehasbeenreceivingtreatmentforhypertension.b)表示「习惯」:
例1:
Thepatienthasbeensmokingexcessively. 例2:
Shehasbeenchewingawadofbubblegumallday. 注:
常用的连用副词为:
since,for,howlong?
these,form,always等。
比较:
例1:
Hehasbeenlearningmedicinefor5years.(继续)例2:
Hehaslearnedmedicinefor5years.(经验) 2.既往历(pasthistory):
大半用过去式,但发生过去某一定时间以前者,宜用过去完成式;如果疾病发生的前后关系甚明显,或以年代顺序记载时,仍可用过去式。
1)A.过去式:
用以表示过去的动作、状态、习惯等且与现在的情形毫无关联。
a)发生于过去某时者:
例1:
Anunknownnumberofyearsagohewassaidtohavepneumonia. 例2:
Inadditiontotheabovesymptoms,henotedsomevagueabdominalpainforacoupleofmonthsinthepast. 例3:
Atthattimeshehadaslightnonproductivecoughandmildexertionaldyspnea. 例4:
Beforetherapy,shewasunabletoswallowanythingbutsmallsipsofwater. b)过去某时以后的状态:
例1:
Inthepreviousmonthshenoticedthatthestoolsweregreatlyflattened.Subsequentlyshebecameawareofabearing-downpaintherectum. 例2:
Menarcheoccurredatage13,thereaftermenseswereregular,every28days,lasting3to4dayseachtime. 例3:
Thepatienthadtinnitusinhisleftear10yearsbeforebeingdischargedforthemilitaryservice.Severalyearlater,henotedlossofhearingontheleft. 例4:
InJune1956,asterilizingoperationwasperformedatahospital.Fortheensuing5monthsthepatientwastroubledwithintermittentattacksofvagueabdominalpain. 例5:
Twoyearsafterthisepisodeshehadoneshortattackofvertigobuthasbeenattack-freefor2years. 注1:
过去式常用的连用副词:
ago,lastnight,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,thismorning,justnow等。
注2:
现在完成和过去两者都可用的连用副词:
just,ever,lately,recently,once,always,already,thismorning,today,everynight,thisweek,these fewdays,forthelastfewdays,sincelastweek,before,yet等。
B.表示过去的习惯时,须用usedto,was(were)accustomedto~或hadthehabitto~等。
用would来表示过去的习惯时,大抵与often,sometimes等副词连用。
例1:
Heusedtoworkfarintothenight. 例2:
Hewouldsometimescomehomedrunk,andbeathiswife. C.过去进行式(Be动词的过去式+pres.p.):
表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作:
例1:
Onesisterwassufferingfromactivetuberculosis. 例2:
Hewashavingmildsymptomsoffeverandnauseaatthetimehewasseen. 例3:
Hewasraisinglargeamountsofpurulentsputumatthattime.D.过去完成式(Had+):
表示截至过去某一时间为止的动作的完了、经验、继续等。
a)完了(completion):
例1:
Thepatienthadalreadyexpiredwhenhecame.例2:
Bythattimehehadimmunizedagainstsmallpox. 连用副词:
already,bythattime,(not)yet,onlyjust等。
b)经验(experience):
例1:
Tillthenhehadneverseenso-calledbone-setter.例2:
Hecouldnotrepeatwhathehadsaidbefore.c)继续(continuance):
例1:
Hehadlongbeenillinbed. 例2:
Hehadbeenillinbedforalongtime. E.过去完成进行式(Hadbeen+pres.p.):
表示继续过去某一时间的动作。
例1:
Uptothattime,hehadbeendrinkingmushwine. 例2:
Duetoherincreasingconstipation,shehadbeentakinglaxativesdailyforoneyearbeforeadmission.比较:
例1:
Iwassleepingwhenhecame.(过去进行式) 例2:
Ihadbeensleepingforanhourbeforeh